Biological foundations of depression and new antidepressants: the mechanisms of onset and modern treatment methods

Depression is a significant medical problem that affects quality of life and social productivity. Investigating the biological basis of depression is essential for developing effective treatment methods. The aim of this work is to analyze the biological mechanisms of depression and modern treatment methods, including the use of new antidepressants. Material and methods. A review of scientific literature on the genetic, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical aspects of depression. An assessment of the effectiveness of various antidepressants and psychotherapeutic methods. Results. Key biological factors infl uencing the development of depression were identified, including monoamine imbalance, neuroendocrine, and immunological changes. Modern antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and new drugs including ketamine and its derivatives were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various treatment methods were highlighted. Conclusion. Effective treatment of depression requires an individualized approach that includes a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. New antidepressants and multimodal approaches represent promising directions for future research and clinical practice

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