Genetic markers of predisposition to obesity and their impact on metabolism

Genetic markers of obesity play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease, which is one of the major public health problems of the 21st century. In the past decade, numerous genetic variants associated with obesity have been identified thanks to the development of genome-wide association studies. Among the most studied genes are FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, NEGR1, and BDNF. Polymorphisms in these genes are associated with various aspects of appetite regulation, metabolism, and fat tissue accumulation. Objective of this study is to investigate the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of obesity and their integration with environmental factors to develop personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of this condition. Material and methods. The study utilized data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), epigenetic analyses (DNA methylation and histone modifications), as well as an analysis of external factors (nutrition, physical activity, and others). This comprehensive approach allows for the integration of these data to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity. Results. The findings confirmed the significance of genetic markers such as FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, NEGR1, and BDNF in regulating appetite, metabolism, and fat tissue accumulation. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, also had a significant impact on the development of obesity. It was found that external factors such as diet and physical activity could induce epigenetic changes that promote fat tissue accumulation. Conclusion. The integration of data from genome-wide association studies, epigenetic research, and the analysis of external factors represents a promising direction for developing personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This comprehensive approach will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity and create more effective and targeted therapeutic methods that consider individual genetic and epigenetic characteristics of patients.

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