<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">clinmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-2149</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-1339</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/0023-2149-2024-102-7-542-549</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">clinmed-885</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лабораторные показатели воспаления, инфекции и атеросклероза у больных системной красной волчанкой и инфарктом миокарда</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of laboratory indicators of inflammation, infection and indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and myocardial infarction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аршинов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arshinov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аршинов Андрей Владимирович — д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Arshinov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_arshinov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левшин</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levshin</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левшин Николай Юрьевич — канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры поликлинической терапии, клинической лабораторной диагностики и медицинской биохимии</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay Yu. Levshin — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Polyclinic Therapy, Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Medical Biochemistry</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслова</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslova</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маслова Ирина Геннадьевна — канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina G. Maslova — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емануйлов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emanuylov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Емануйлов Владислав Игоревич — канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav I. Emanuylov — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнонин</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunonin</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юнонин Игорь Евгеньевич — канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor E. Yunonin — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yaroslavl State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>542</fpage><lpage>549</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Аршинов А.В., Левшин Н.Ю., Маслова И.Г., Емануйлов В.И., Юнонин И.Е., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аршинов А.В., Левшин Н.Ю., Маслова И.Г., Емануйлов В.И., Юнонин И.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arshinov A.V., Levshin N.Y., Maslova I.G., Emanuylov V.I., Yunonin I.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/885">https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/885</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Выявить взаимосвязь между активностью воспаления, инфекционным компонентом, функцией тромбоцитов, дислипидемией и развитием субклинического атеросклероза у пациентов c системной красной волчанкой (СКВ) и ишемической болезнью сердца.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Определение С-реактивного белка (вчСРБ), интерлейкина 6, антител IgG к Chlamydia pneumonia, антител к толл-подобным рецепторам (TLR2), тромбоцитарного фактора 4 (ТФ4), показателей агрегации тромбоцитов, липидного спектра, концентрации антител к оксидированным липопротеинам низкой плотности (ат окЛПНП) и толщины комплекса интима–медиа (ТИМ) общих сонных артерий.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Обследовано 50 женщин с СКВ и 31 — с инфарктом миокарда (ИМ). Контрольную группу составили 21 здоровая женщина. У больных СКВ выявлено значительное увеличение ТИМ общей сонной артерии (1,00 [0,80–1,10] &gt; 0,80 [0,70–0,90] p = 0,01) и ТИМ бифуркации сонной артерии (1,10 [1,00–1,20] &gt; 0,80 [0,70–1,10] p = 0,01) по сравнению с данными показателями в группе контроля. У пациентов с ИМ показатели ТИМ общей сонной артерии (0,90 [0,80–1,10] &gt; 0,80 [0,70–0,90] p = 0,01) и ТИМ бифуркации сонной артерии (1,20 [1,10–1,40] &gt; 0,80 [0,70–1,10] p = 0,01) также достоверно отличались от группы контроля. Отмечена выраженная активация воспаления у больных СКВ: повышение концентрации вчСРБ (3,67 [2,17–5,92] &gt; 0,74 [0,30–1,26] p = 0,01), интерлейкина 6 (1,72 [1,39–2,68] &gt;0,60 [0,22–0,75], p = 0,01) и СОЭ (21,0 [18,0–26,0] &gt;10,0 [7,0–14,0], p = 0,01). Аналогично данные показатели были повышены и у пациентов с ИМ по сравнению с группой контроля: вчСРБ (3,36 [1,44–5,90] &gt; 0,74 [0,30–1,26] p = 0,01), интерлейкин 6 (1,1 [0,69–1,82] &gt;0,60 [0,22–0,75], p = 0,01) и СОЭ (19,0 [10,0–28,0] &gt;10,0 [7,0–14,0], p = 0,01). Важным показателем явилась значительная активация тромбоцитов — отмечено достоверное увеличение концентрации ТФ4 у больных СКВ (21,5 [19,80–23,28] &gt; 18,30 [13,88–20,46] p = 0,01) и у пациентов с ИМ (20,76 [19,00–23,50] &gt; 18,30 [13,88–20,46] p = 0,01). У пациентов с СКВ была выраженная дислипидемия, которая сопровождалась повышением концентрации ат окЛПНП (3,16 [1,45–4,60] &gt; 1,39 [1,26–2,04] p = 0,01). У больных с ИМ в отличие от пациентов с СКВ достоверные отличия отмечены лишь для липопротеинов низкой плотности (1,05 [0,88–1,21] &lt; 1,32 [1,24–1,37] p = 0,01. Концентрация ат IgG CP у пациентов с СКВ (0,062 [0,035–0,124] &gt; 0,0415 [0,022–0,071] p = 0,11) и значения TLR2 не имели достоверных отличий от контроля (635,71 [357,14 –978,5] &gt; 451,54 [352,05–775,0] p = 0,39). У больных ИМ концентрация TLR2 не отличалась от контроля (448,98 [308,67–964,14] &lt; 451,54 [352,05–775,0] p = 0,854. Концентрация ат IgG CP у больных с ИМ (0,067 [0,05–0,11] &gt; 0,0415 [0,022–0,071] (р = 0,026), достоверно превышала контроль. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Кроме традиционных факторов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, у больных системной красной волчанкой и больных с инфарктом миокарда как одной из форм ишемической болезни сердца имеются общие механизмы аутовоспаления. В то же время воспалительный компонент в обследованной группе пациентов СКВ был более выражен, что, в частности, нашло свое отражение в значительном повышении концентрации ИЛ-6 и вчСРБ. Роль инфекционного компонента подлежит дальнейшему изучению.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective of the study</title><p>Objective of the study: to investigate the correlation between inflammation activity, infectious components, platelet function, dyslipidemia, and the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ischemic heart disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved the measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumonia, antibodies to toll-like receptors (TLR2), platelet factor 4 (PF4), platelet aggregation parameters, lipid profile, concentration of antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), and the thickness of the intima-media complex (IMT) of the common carotid arteries.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The study included 50 women with SLE and 31 with myocardial infarction (MI), with a control group of 21 healthy women. Patients with SLE showed a significant increase in IMT of the common carotid artery (1.00 [0.80–1.10] &gt; 0.80 [0.70–0.90], p = 0.01) and bifurcation of the carotid artery (1.10 [1.00–1.20] &gt; 0.80 [0.70–1.10], p = 0.01) compared to the control group. Similarly, patients with MI had significantly different IMT values for both the common carotid artery (0.90 [0.80–1.10] &gt; 0.80 [0.70–0.90], p = 0.01) and bifurcation (1.20 [1.10–1.40] &gt; 0.80 [0.70–1.10], p = 0.01) compared to controls. There was pronounced activation of inflammation in SLE patients, evidenced by increased levels of CRP (3.67 [2.17–5.92] &gt; 0.74 [0.30–1.26], p = 0.01), interleukin 6 (1.72 [1.39–2.68] &gt; 0.60 [0.22–0.75], p = 0.01), and ESR (21.0 [18.0–26.0] &gt; 10.0 [7.0–14.0], p = 0.01). These markers were also elevated in MI patients compared to controls: CRP (3.36 [1.44–5.90] &gt; 0.74 [0.30–1.26], p = 0.01), interleukin 6 (1.1 [0.69–1.82] &gt; 0.60 [0.22–0.75], p = 0.01), and ESR (19.0 [10.0–28.0] &gt; 10.0 [7.0–14.0], p = 0.01). A significant activation of platelets was noted, with a marked increase in PF4 levels in SLE patients (21.5 [19.80–23.28] &gt; 18.30 [13.88–20.46], p = 0.01) and MI patients (20.76 [19.00–23.50] &gt; 18.30 [13.88–20.46], p = 0.01). SLE patients exhibited pronounced dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of oxLDL antibodies (3.16 [1.45–4.60] &gt; 1.39 [1.26–2,04], p = 0,01). In contrast, MI patients showed significant differences only in low-density lipoproteins (1.05 [0.88–1.21] &lt; 1.32 [1.24–1.37], p = 0,01). The concentration of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumonia in SLE patients (0,062 [0,035-0,124] &gt; 0,0415 [0,022-0,071], p = 0,11) and TLR2 levels showed no significant diferences from controls (635,71 [357,14 –978,5] &gt; 451,54 [352,05–775,0], p = 0,39). In MI patients, TLR2 levels did not differ from controls (448,98 [308,67–964,14] &lt; 451,54 [352,05–775,0], p = 0,854). However, IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumonia were significantly higher in MI patients (0,067 [0,05–0,11] &gt; 0,0415 [0,022–0,071], p = 0,026) compared to controls. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In addition to traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, both SLE patients and those with myocardial infarction exhibit common mechanisms of autoinflammation as a form of ischemic heart disease. The inflammatory component was more pronounced in the SLE group, particularly reflected in significantly elevated concentrations of IL-6 and CRP levels. The role of the infectious component requires further investigation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>тромбоциты</kwd><kwd>Chlamydia pneumonia</kwd><kwd>TLR2</kwd><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>инфаркт миокарда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>platelets</kwd><kwd>Chlamydia pneumonia</kwd><kwd>TLR2</kwd><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов Е.Л. Современная концепция аутоиммунитета в ревматологии. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(4): 397–420. DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-397-420</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov E.L. The modern concept of autoimmunity in rheumatology. Scientifi c and practical rheumatology. 2023;61(4):397–420. (In Russian)]. DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-397-420</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szekanecz Z., McInnes I.B., Schett G., Szamosi S., Benkő S., Szűcs G. Autoinfl ammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2021;17(10):585–595. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00652-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szekanecz Z., McInnes I.B., Schett G., Szamosi S., Benkő S., Szűcs G. Autoinfl ammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2021;17(10):585–595. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00652-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szekanecz Z., McInnes IB., Schett G., Szamosi S., Benkő S., Szűcs G. Autoinfl ammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2021;17(10):585–595. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00652-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szekanecz Z., McInnes IB., Schett G., Szamosi S., Benkő S., Szűcs G. Autoinfl ammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2021;17(10):585–595. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00652-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов Е.Л., Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А. Аутоиммунные ревматические заболевания: итоги и перспективы научных исследований. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2015;53(3): 230–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov E.L., Alexandrova E.N., Novikov A.A. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases: results and prospects of scientifi c research. Scientifi c and practical rheumatology. 2015;53(3): 230– 237. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов Е.Л., Попкова Т.В., Панафидина Т.А. Проблемы ранней системной красной волчанки в период пандемии COVID-19. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(2):119–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov E.L., Popkova T.V., Panafi dina T.A. Problems of early systemic lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientifi c and practical rheumatology. 2021;59(2):119–128. In Russian)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drosos G.C., Konstantonis G., Sfi kakis P.P., Tektonidou M.G. et al. Lipid management in systemic lupus erythematosus according to risk classifi ers suggested by the European Society of Cardiology and disease-related risk factors reported by the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2023;9:e002767. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002767</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drosos G.C., Konstantonis G., Sfi kakis P.P., Tektonidou M.G. et al. Lipid management in systemic lupus erythematosus according to risk classifi ers suggested by the European Society of Cardiology and disease-related risk factors reported by the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2023;9:e002767. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002767</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber B.N., Giles J.T., Liao K.P. Shared infl ammatory pathways of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2023 May 25. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00969-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber B.N., Giles J.T., Liao K.P. Shared infl ammatory pathways of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2023 May 25. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00969-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleton B.D., Major A.S. The latest in systemic lupus erythema tosus-accelerated atherosclerosis: Related mechanisms infor.m assessment and therapy. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):211–218. DOI:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000773</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleton B.D., Major A.S. The latest in systemic lupus erythema tosus-accelerated atherosclerosis: Related mechanisms infor.m assessment and therapy. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):211–218. DOI:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000773</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy P., Orecchioni M., Ley K. How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: Roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2022;22(4):251–265. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00584-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy P., Orecchioni M., Ley K. How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: Roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2022;22(4):251–265. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00584-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engelen S.E., Robinson A.J.B., Zurke YX., Monaco C. Therapeutic strategies targeting infl ammation and immunity in atherosclerosis: How to proceed? Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2022;19(8):522–542. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00668-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engelen S.E., Robinson A.J.B., Zurke YX., Monaco C. Therapeutic strategies targeting infl ammation and immunity in atherosclerosis: How to proceed? Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2022;19(8):522–542. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00668-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conrad N., Verbeke G., Molenberghs G., Goetschalckx L., Callender T., Cambridge G. et al. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2022;400(10354):733–743. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01349-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conrad N., Verbeke G., Molenberghs G., Goetschalckx L., Callender T., Cambridge G. et al. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2022;400(10354):733–743. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01349-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guzmán-Martínez G., Marañón C. Immune mechanisms associated with cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A path to potential biomarkers. Front. Immunol. 2022.13:974826. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974826</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guzmán-Martínez G., Marañón C. Immune mechanisms associated with cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A path to potential biomarkers. Front. Immunol. 2022.13:974826. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974826</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazdany J., Pooley N., Langham J., Nicholson L., Langham S. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus; stroke and myocardial infarction risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020;6(2):e001247. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001247</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazdany J., Pooley N., Langham J., Nicholson L., Langham S. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus; stroke and myocardial infarction risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2020;6(2):e001247. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001247</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerasimova E.V., Popkova T.V., Gerasimova D.A., Kirichenko T.V. Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(9):4513. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimova E.V., Popkova T.V., Gerasimova D.A., Kirichenko T.V. Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(9):4513. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reiss A.B., Jacob B., Saba A., Carsons S.E., DeLeon J. et al. Understanding Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Toward Better Treatment and Prevention. Infl ammation. 2021;44(5):1663–1682. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01455-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reiss A.B., Jacob B., Saba A., Carsons S.E., DeLeon J. et al. Understanding Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Toward Better Treatment and Prevention. Infl ammation. 2021;44(5):1663–1682. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01455-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонова В.А. Системная красная волчанка. М., Медицина, 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonova V.A. Systemic lupus erythematosus. M., Medicine, 1972. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асеева Е.А., Соловьев С.К., Насонов Е.Л. Современные методы оценки активности системной красной волчанки. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2013;2(51):186–200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aseeva E.A., Soloviev S.K., Nasonov E.L. Modern methods for assessing the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Scientifi c and practical rheumatology. 2013;2(51):186–200. (In Russian)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López P., Rodríguez-Carrio J., Martínez-Zapico A., Pérez-Álvarez A.I., Suárez-Díaz S. et al. Low-density granulocytes and monocytes as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(7):1752–1764. DOI: :10.1093/rheumatology/keaa016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López P., Rodríguez-Carrio J., Martínez-Zapico A., Pérez-Álvarez A.I., Suárez-Díaz S. et al. Low-density granulocytes and monocytes as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(7):1752–1764. DOI: :10.1093/rheumatology/keaa016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker P.M., Rane M. Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research. 2021;128:1728–1746. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker P.M., Rane M. Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research. 2021;128:1728–1746. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanhapour M., Miri A., Vaisi-Raygani A. Synergism between apolipoprotein E Ɛ4 allele and paraoxonase (PON1) 55-M allele is associated with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Rheumatology. 2018;37:971–977. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3859-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanhapour M., Miri A., Vaisi-Raygani A. Synergism between apolipoprotein E Ɛ4 allele and paraoxonase (PON1) 55-M allele is associated with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Rheumatology. 2018;37:971–977. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3859-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khatana C., Saini N.K., Chakrabarti S., Saini V., Sharma A. et al. Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Atherosclerosis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2020;2020:5245308. DOI:10.1155/2020/5245308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khatana C., Saini N.K., Chakrabarti S., Saini V., Sharma A. et al. Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Atherosclerosis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2020;2020:5245308. DOI:10.1155/2020/5245308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hedar A.M., Stradner M.H., Roessler A., Goswami N. Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Vascular Function: The Concept of Autoimmune Atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10(19):4427. DOI:10.3390/jcm10194427</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hedar A.M., Stradner M.H., Roessler A., Goswami N. Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Vascular Function: The Concept of Autoimmune Atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10(19):4427. DOI:10.3390/jcm10194427</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obermayer G., Afonyushkin T., Binder C.J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in infl ammation-driven thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2018;16(3):418–428. DOI: 10.1111/jth.13925</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obermayer G., Afonyushkin T., Binder C.J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in infl ammation-driven thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2018;16(3):418–428. DOI: 10.1111/jth.13925</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theofi lis P. Panagiotis T., Sagris M., Antonopoulos A.S., Oikonomou E. et al. Infl ammatory Mediators of Platelet Activation: Focus on Atherosclerosis and COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;16;22(20):11170. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Theofi lis P. Panagiotis T., Sagris M., Antonopoulos A.S., Oikonomou E. et al. Infl ammatory Mediators of Platelet Activation: Focus on Atherosclerosis and COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;16;22(20):11170. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng Kong, Zi-Yang Cui, Xiao-Fu Huang, Dan-Dan Zhang, Rui-Juan Guo et al. Infl ammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 2022;7:131. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng Kong, Zi-Yang Cui, Xiao-Fu Huang, Dan-Dan Zhang, Rui-Juan Guo et al. Infl ammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 2022;7:131. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gremmel T., Ay C., Riedl J., Kopp C.W., Eichelberger B. et al. Platelet-specifi c markers are associated with monocyte-platelet aggregate formation and thrombin generation potential in advanced atherosclerosis. Thromb. Haemost. 2015;115(3):615–621. DOI: 10.1160/TH15-07-0598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gremmel T., Ay C., Riedl J., Kopp C.W., Eichelberger B. et al. Platelet-specifi c markers are associated with monocyte-platelet aggregate formation and thrombin generation potential in advanced atherosclerosis. Thromb. Haemost. 2015;115(3):615–621. DOI: 10.1160/TH15-07-0598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badrnya S., Schrottmaier W.C., Kral J.B., Yaiw K.C., Volf I. et al. Platelets mediate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced monocyte extravasation and foam cell formation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2014;34(3):571–580. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302919</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badrnya S., Schrottmaier W.C., Kral J.B., Yaiw K.C., Volf I. et al. Platelets mediate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced monocyte extravasation and foam cell formation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2014;34(3):571–580. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302919</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hally K.E., La Flamme A.C., Larsen P.D., Harding S.A. Platelet Tolllike receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated platelet activation in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb. Res. 2017;158:8–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.07.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hally K.E., La Flamme A.C., Larsen P.D., Harding S.A. Platelet Tolllike receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated platelet activation in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb. Res. 2017;158:8–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.07.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng Kong, Zi-Yang Cui, Xiao-Fu Huang, Dan-Dan Zhang, Rui-Juan Guo et al. Infl ammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:131. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng Kong, Zi-Yang Cui, Xiao-Fu Huang, Dan-Dan Zhang, Rui-Juan Guo et al. Infl ammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:131. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li B., Xia Y., Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2020;77(14):2751–2769. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B., Xia Y., Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2020;77(14):2751–2769. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei Xue, Yan-Hong Liang, Yuan-Yuan Gao, Xiao-Juan Wang. Clinical study of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with coronary heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2019;19:110. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1099-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei Xue, Yan-Hong Liang, Yuan-Yuan Gao, Xiao-Juan Wang. Clinical study of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with coronary heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2019;19:110. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1099-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miao G., Zhao X., Wang B.., Zhang L., Wang G. et al. TLR2/CXCR4 coassociation facilitates Chlamydia pneumonia infection-induced atherosclerosis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2020;1,318(6):1420–1435. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00011.2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miao G., Zhao X., Wang B.., Zhang L., Wang G. et al. TLR2/CXCR4 coassociation facilitates Chlamydia pneumonia infection-induced atherosclerosis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2020;1,318(6):1420–1435. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00011.2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drosos G.C., Konstantonis G., Sfi kakis P.P., Tektonidou M.G. Underperformance of clinical risk scores in identifying vascular ultrasound-based high cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2021;28(3):346– 352. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drosos G.C., Konstantonis G., Sfi kakis P.P., Tektonidou M.G. Underperformance of clinical risk scores in identifying vascular ultrasound-based high cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2021;28(3):346– 352. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
