clinmedКлиническая медицинаClinical Medicine (Russian Journal)0023-21492412-1339ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»10.30629/0023-2149-2024-102-1-69-79clinmed-737Research ArticleЗАМЕТКИ И НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ИЗ ПРАКТИКИNOTES AND OBSERVATIONS FROM PRACTICEAL-амилоидоз после коронавирусной инфекции с острым нетипичным поражением сердцаAL-amyloidosis after coronavirus infection with acute atypical heart injuryhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-6794ЛутохинаЮ. А.LutokhinaYu. A.

Лутохина Юлия Александровна — канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры факультетской терапии №1

Москва

Yulia A. Lutokhina — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy No. 1

Moscow

   

lebedeva12@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5253-793XБлаговаО. В.BlagovaO. V.

Благова Ольга Владимировна — д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии №1

Москва

Olga V. Blagova — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy No. 1

Moscow

   

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-1936АйнетдиноваД. Х.AinetdinovaD.  Kh.

Айнетдинова Диляра Харисовна — канд. мед. наук, врач отделения кардиологии №2 факультетской терапевтической клиники им. В.Н. Виноградова

Москва

Dilyara Kh. Ainetdinova — Candidate of Medical Sciences, doctor of the Department of Cardiology No. 2 of the Faculty Therapeutic Clinic named after. V.N. Vinogradov

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5979-1180СаркисоваН. Д.SarkisovaN.  D.

Саркисова Наталья Донатовна — канд. мед. наук, заведующая отделением кардиологии № 2 факультетской терапевтической клиники им. В.Н. Виноградова

Москва

Natalia D. Sarkisova — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Cardiology No. 2 of the Faculty Therapeutic Clinic named after. V.N. Vinogradov

Moscow

   

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-3753КоганЕ. А.KoganE. A.

Коган Евгения Алтаровна — д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой патологической анатомии

Москва

Evgeniya A . Kogan — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy

Moscow

   

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4260-0226РамеевВ. В.RameevV. V.

Вилен Вилевич Рамеев — д-р мед. наук,  проф ессор кафедры внутренних, профессиональных болезней и ревматологии

Москва

Vilen V. Rameev — Doctor of  Medical Sciences, prof essor, Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases and Rheumatology

Moscow

   

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)Russian Federation20241504202410216979Copyright © Лутохина Ю.А., Благова О.В., Айнетдинова Д.Х., Саркисова Н.Д., Коган Е.А., Рамеев В.В., 20242024Лутохина Ю.А., Благова О.В., Айнетдинова Д.Х., Саркисова Н.Д., Коган Е.А., Рамеев В.В.Lutokhina Y.A., Blagova O.V., Ainetdinova D.K., Sarkisova N.D., Kogan E.A., Rameev V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/737

Появление эффективной терапии AL-амилоидоза с поражением сердца ставит перед  специалистом задачу комплексной оценки риска  внезапной сердечной смерти (ВСС ) и ее профилактики. К этой проблеме следует подходить индивидуально и рассматривать возможность имплантации ИКД пациентам с желудочковыми нарушениями ритма: частой экстрасистолией и неустойчивой желудочковой тахикардией. При развитии нарушений ритма и проводимости у больных с амилоидозом следует иметь в виду возможность присоединения миокардита, а у пациентов, перенесших новую коронавирусную инфекцию, — ее возможную роль в индукции как постковидного миокардита, так и собственно амилоидоза.

The emergence of effective therapy for AL amyloidosis with cardiac involvement raises the challenge of a comprehensive assessment of the risk of SCD and its prevention. This problem should be approached individually and the possibility of ICD implantation should be considered in patients with ventricular arrhythmias: frequent extrasystoles and unstable ventricular tachycardia. With the development of rhythm and conduction disturbances in patients with amyloidosis, one should keep in mind the possibility of myocarditis, and in patients who have suffered a new coronavirus infection, its possible role in the induction of both post-Covid myocarditis and amyloidosis itself.

AL-амилоидозамилоидоз сердцанарушения проводимостижелудочковая экстрасистолияжелудочковая тахикардиямиокардитновая коронавирусная инфекциявнезапная сердечная смертьAL-amyloidosiscardiac amyloidosisconduction abnormalitiespremature ventricular contractionsventricular tachycardiamyocarditisCOVID-19sudden cardiac deathReferencesRapezzi C., Merlini G., Quarta C.C. et al. Systemic cardiac amyloidoses: disease profiles and clinical courses of the 3 main types. Circulation. 2009;120(13):1203–1212.Rapezzi C., Merlini G., Quarta C.C. et al. Systemic cardiac amyloidoses: disease profiles and clinical courses of the 3 main types. Circulation. 2009;120(13):1203–1212.Жданова Е.А., Рамеев В.В., Моисеев С.В. и др. Амилоидоз сердца. Клин. фармакол. и тер. 2011;20(5):44–50.Zhdanova E.A., Rameev V.V., Moiseev S.V. and others. Amyloidosis of the heart. Klin. farmakol. i ter. 2011;20(5):44–50. (In Russian).Liao R., Jain M., Teller P., Connors L.H., Ngoy S., Skinner M., Falk R.H., Apstein C.S. Infusion of light chains from patients with cardiac amyloidosis causes diastolic dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1594–7. Erratum in: Circulation. 2013;128(11):e174. PMID: 11581134.Liao R., Jain M., Teller P., Connors L.H., Ngoy S., Skinner M., Falk R.H., Apstein C.S. Infusion of light chains from patients with cardiac amyloidosis causes diastolic dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1594–7. Erratum in: Circulation. 2013;128(11):e174. PMID: 11581134.Badar T., Cornelison A.M., Shah N.D. et al. Outcome of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis with concurrent renal and cardiac involvement. Eur. J. Haematol. 2016;97(4):342–347.Badar T., Cornelison A.M., Shah N.D. et al. Outcome of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis with concurrent renal and cardiac involvement. Eur. J. Haematol. 2016;97(4):342–347.Damy T., Jaccard A., Guellich A. et al. Identification of prognostic markers in transthyretin and AL cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2016;23(3):194–202.Damy T., Jaccard A., Guellich A. et al. Identification of prognostic markers in transthyretin and AL cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2016;23(3):194–202.Seth P., Sarkar N. A comprehensive mini-review on amyloidogenesis of different SARS-CoV-2 proteins and its effect on amyloid formation in various host proteins. 3 Biotech. 2022;12(11):322. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03390-1. Epub 2022 Oct 13. PMID: 36254263; PMCID: PMC9558030.Seth P., Sarkar N. A comprehensive mini-review on amyloidogenesis of different SARS-CoV-2 proteins and its effect on amyloid formation in various host proteins. 3 Biotech. 2022;12(11):322. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03390-1. Epub 2022 Oct 13. PMID: 36254263; PMCID: PMC9558030.Olivera E., Sáez A., Carniglia L., Caruso C., Lasaga M., Durand D. Alzheimer’s disease risk after COVID-19: a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration. Neural. Regen Res. 2023;18(7):1404–1410. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360273. PMID: 36571334.Olivera E., Sáez A., Carniglia L., Caruso C., Lasaga M., Durand D. Alzheimer’s disease risk after COVID-19: a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration. Neural. Regen Res. 2023;18(7):1404–1410. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360273. PMID: 36571334.Aksenova A.Y., Likhachev I.V., Grishin S.Y., Galzitskaya O.V. The Increased Amyloidogenicity of Spike RBD and pH-Dependent Binding to ACE2 May Contribute to the Transmissibility and Pathogenic Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron as Suggested by In Silico Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(21):13502. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113502. PMID: 36362302; PMCID: PMC9655063.Aksenova A.Y., Likhachev I.V., Grishin S.Y., Galzitskaya O.V. The Increased Amyloidogenicity of Spike RBD and pH-Dependent Binding to ACE2 May Contribute to the Transmissibility and Pathogenic Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron as Suggested by In Silico Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(21):13502. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113502. PMID: 36362302; PMCID: PMC9655063.Blagova O., Lutokhina Y., Kogan E., Kukleva A., , Ainetdinova D., Novosadov V., Rud` R., Savina P., Zaitsev A., Fomin V. Chronic biopsy proven post-COVID myoendocarditis with SARS-Cov-2 persistence and high level of antiheart antibodies. Clin. Cardiol. 2022;45:952–959. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23886Blagova O., Lutokhina Y., Kogan E., Kukleva A., , Ainetdinova D., Novosadov V., Rud` R., Savina P., Zaitsev A., Fomin V. Chronic biopsy proven post-COVID myoendocarditis with SARS-Cov-2 persistence and high level of antiheart antibodies. Clin. Cardiol. 2022;45:952–959. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23886Siegismund C.S., Escher F., Lassner D., Kühl U., Gross U., Fruhwald F., Wenzel P., Münzel T., Frey N., Linke R.P., Schultheiss H.P. Intramyocardial inflammation predicts adverse outcome in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018;20(4):751–757. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1039Siegismund C.S., Escher F., Lassner D., Kühl U., Gross U., Fruhwald F., Wenzel P., Münzel T., Frey N., Linke R.P., Schultheiss H.P. Intramyocardial inflammation predicts adverse outcome in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018;20(4):751–757. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1039Lim H.E., Pak H.N., Kim Y.H. Acute myocarditis associated with cardiac amyloidosis manifesting as transient complete atrioventricular block and slow ventricular tachycardia. Int. J. Cardiol. 2006;109(3):395–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.043Lim H.E., Pak H.N., Kim Y.H. Acute myocarditis associated with cardiac amyloidosis manifesting as transient complete atrioventricular block and slow ventricular tachycardia. Int. J. Cardiol. 2006;109(3):395–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.043Hartnett J., Jaber W., Maurer M., Sperry B., Hanna M., Collier P., Patel D.R., Wazni O.M., Donnellan E. Electrophysiological Manifestations of Cardiac Amyloidosis: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2021;3(4):506–515. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.07.010. PMID: 34729522; PMCID: PMC8543134Hartnett J., Jaber W., Maurer M., Sperry B., Hanna M., Collier P., Patel D.R., Wazni O.M., Donnellan E. Electrophysiological Manifestations of Cardiac Amyloidosis: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2021;3(4):506–515. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.07.010. PMID: 34729522; PMCID: PMC8543134Frustaci A., Letizia C., Adamo F., Grande C., Verardo R., Chimenti C. A-V block as presentation of cardiac amyloid: prominent infiltration of conduction tissue revealed by endomyocardial biopsy. Amyloid. 2017;24(2):131–132. DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2017.1323735Frustaci A., Letizia C., Adamo F., Grande C., Verardo R., Chimenti C. A-V block as presentation of cardiac amyloid: prominent infiltration of conduction tissue revealed by endomyocardial biopsy. Amyloid. 2017;24(2):131–132. DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2017.1323735Takano R., Ueda N., Okada A., Matsumoto M., Ikeda Y., Hatakeyama K., Izumi C., Kusano K. Fat biopsy from a pocket of cardiac implantable electronic device: An alternative diagnostic option for cardiac amyloidosis. Heart Rhythm Case Rep. 2022;8(8):554–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.05.008. PMID: 35996711; PMCID: PMC9391401.Takano R., Ueda N., Okada A., Matsumoto M., Ikeda Y., Hatakeyama K., Izumi C., Kusano K. Fat biopsy from a pocket of cardiac implantable electronic device: An alternative diagnostic option for cardiac amyloidosis. Heart Rhythm Case Rep. 2022;8(8):554–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.05.008. PMID: 35996711; PMCID: PMC9391401.Givens R.C., Russo C., Green P., Maurer M.S. Comparison of cardiac amyloidosis due to wild-type and V122I transthyretin in older adults referred to an academic medical center. Aging health. 2013;9(2):229–235. DOI: 10.2217/ahe.13.10. PMID: 24073013; PMCID: PMC3780445.Givens R.C., Russo C., Green P., Maurer M.S. Comparison of cardiac amyloidosis due to wild-type and V122I transthyretin in older adults referred to an academic medical center. Aging health. 2013;9(2):229–235. DOI: 10.2217/ahe.13.10. PMID: 24073013; PMCID: PMC3780445.Donnellan E., Wazni O.M., Saliba W.I., Hanna M., Kanj M., Patel D.R., Wilner B., Kochar A., Jaber W.A. Prevalence, Incidence, and Impact on Mortality of Conduction System Disease in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2020;128:140–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.021. Epub 2020 May 16. PMID: 32650908.Donnellan E., Wazni O.M., Saliba W.I., Hanna M., Kanj M., Patel D.R., Wilner B., Kochar A., Jaber W.A. Prevalence, Incidence, and Impact on Mortality of Conduction System Disease in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2020;128:140–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.021. Epub 2020 May 16. PMID: 32650908.Pericet-Rodriguez C., López-Aguilera J., Durán-Torralba C., Castillo-Dominguez JC., Ruiz-Ortiz M., Perea-Armijo J., Delgado-Ortega M., Mesa-Rubio D., González-Manzanares R., Ruiz de Castroviejo J., Martín-Dorado E., Gallo-Fernández I., López-Baizán J., Pastor-Wulf D., Rodriguez-Almodovar A., Pan Álvarez-Osorio M., Anguita-Sánchez M. Electrocardiographic features and need for pacemaker in cardiac amyloidosis: Analysis of 58 cases. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2022;159(2):78–84. English, Spanish. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.09.022Pericet-Rodriguez C., López-Aguilera J., Durán-Torralba C., Castillo-Dominguez JC., Ruiz-Ortiz M., Perea-Armijo J., Delgado-Ortega M., Mesa-Rubio D., González-Manzanares R., Ruiz de Castroviejo J., Martín-Dorado E., Gallo-Fernández I., López-Baizán J., Pastor-Wulf D., Rodriguez-Almodovar A., Pan Álvarez-Osorio M., Anguita-Sánchez M. Electrocardiographic features and need for pacemaker in cardiac amyloidosis: Analysis of 58 cases. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2022;159(2):78–84. English, Spanish. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.09.022Ohara T., Murata H., Yodogawa K., Yasutake M. Long-Term Electrocardiographic Follow-Up of a Patient with Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis. J. Nippon Med. Sch. 2022;89(1):119–125. DOI: 10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2022_89-111Ohara T., Murata H., Yodogawa K., Yasutake M. Long-Term Electrocardiographic Follow-Up of a Patient with Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis. J. Nippon Med. Sch. 2022;89(1):119–125. DOI: 10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2022_89-111Boldrini M., Salinaro F., Mussinelli R., Raimondi A., Alogna A., Musca F., Palladini G., Merlini G. , Perlini S. Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Conduction Disturbances at the Time of Diagnosis of Cardiac AL Amyloidosis. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2013;4(18):327–335. DOI: 10.1111/anec.12032.Boldrini M., Salinaro F., Mussinelli R., Raimondi A., Alogna A., Musca F., Palladini G., Merlini G. , Perlini S. Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Conduction Disturbances at the Time of Diagnosis of Cardiac AL Amyloidosis. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2013;4(18):327–335. DOI: 10.1111/anec.12032.Pattanshetty D.J., Bhat P.K., Chamberlain W.A., Lyons M.R. Isolated cardiac involvement in primary amyloidosis: presenting as sick sinus syndrome and heart failure. Tex. Heart Inst. J. 2013;40(5):615–618. PMID: 24391340; PMCID: PMC3853805.Pattanshetty D.J., Bhat P.K., Chamberlain W.A., Lyons M.R. Isolated cardiac involvement in primary amyloidosis: presenting as sick sinus syndrome and heart failure. Tex. Heart Inst. J. 2013;40(5):615–618. PMID: 24391340; PMCID: PMC3853805.Ogano M., Takano H., Fukuma N., Takayama M., Takano T., Miyagi Y., Ochi M., Shimizu K., Kitamura H. Sudden death in a case of cardiac amyloidosis immediately after pacemaker implantation for complete atrioventricular block. J. Nippon. Med. Sch. 2005;72(5):285–289. DOI: 10.1272/jnms.72.285. PMID: 16247228.Ogano M., Takano H., Fukuma N., Takayama M., Takano T., Miyagi Y., Ochi M., Shimizu K., Kitamura H. Sudden death in a case of cardiac amyloidosis immediately after pacemaker implantation for complete atrioventricular block. J. Nippon. Med. Sch. 2005;72(5):285–289. DOI: 10.1272/jnms.72.285. PMID: 16247228.Dispenzieri A., Gertz MA., Kyle R.A., Lacy M.Q., Burritt M.F., Therneau T.M. et al. Serum cardiac troponins and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide: a staging system for primary systemic amyloidosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004;22(18):3751–7. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.03.029. PMID: 15365071Dispenzieri A., Gertz MA., Kyle R.A., Lacy M.Q., Burritt M.F., Therneau T.M. et al. Serum cardiac troponins and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide: a staging system for primary systemic amyloidosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004;22(18):3751–7. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.03.029. PMID: 15365071D’Errico S., Mazzanti A., Baldari B., Maiese A., Frati P., Fineschi V. Sudden death in lambda light chain AL cardiac amyloidosis: a review of literature and update for clinicians and pathologists. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2020;13(7):1474–1482. PMID: 32782665; PMCID: PMC7414507.D’Errico S., Mazzanti A., Baldari B., Maiese A., Frati P., Fineschi V. Sudden death in lambda light chain AL cardiac amyloidosis: a review of literature and update for clinicians and pathologists. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2020;13(7):1474–1482. PMID: 32782665; PMCID: PMC7414507.Dubrey S.W., Cha K., Anderson J., Chamarthi B., Reisinger J., Skinner M., Falk R.H. The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart involvement., QJM. International Journal of Medicine. 1998;91(2):141–157, DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/91.2.141Dubrey S.W., Cha K., Anderson J., Chamarthi B., Reisinger J., Skinner M., Falk R.H. The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart involvement., QJM. International Journal of Medicine. 1998;91(2):141–157, DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/91.2.141Badar T., Cornelison A.M., Shah N.D. et al. Outcome of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis with concurrent renal and cardiac involvement. Eur. J. Haematol. 2016;97(4):342–347.Badar T., Cornelison A.M., Shah N.D. et al. Outcome of patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis with concurrent renal and cardiac involvement. Eur. J. Haematol. 2016;97(4):342–347.Zeppenfeld K., Tfelt-Hansen J., de Riva M., Winkel B.G., Behr E.R., Blom N.A. et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), European Heart Journal. 2022;43(40):3997–4126. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262Zeppenfeld K., Tfelt-Hansen J., de Riva M., Winkel B.G., Behr E.R., Blom N.A. et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), European Heart Journal. 2022;43(40):3997–4126. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262Kristen A.V., Dengler T.J., Hegenbart U., Schonland S.O., Goldschmidt H., Sack F.U. et al. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis and high risk for sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(2):235–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.10.016Kristen A.V., Dengler T.J., Hegenbart U., Schonland S.O., Goldschmidt H., Sack F.U. et al. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis and high risk for sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(2):235–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.10.016Liżewska-Springer A., Sławiński G., Lewicka E. Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death and the Role of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis-A Narrative Literature Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10(9):1858. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091858. PMID: 33922892; PMCID: PMC8123220.Liżewska-Springer A., Sławiński G., Lewicka E. Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death and the Role of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis-A Narrative Literature Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10(9):1858. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091858. PMID: 33922892; PMCID: PMC8123220.Palladini G., Malamani G., Cò F., Pistorio A., Recusani F., Anesi E., Garini P., Merlini G. Holter monitoring in AL amyloidosis: prognostic implications. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2001;24(8 Pt 1):1228–33. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01228.x. PMID: 11523608Palladini G., Malamani G., Cò F., Pistorio A., Recusani F., Anesi E., Garini P., Merlini G. Holter monitoring in AL amyloidosis: prognostic implications. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2001;24(8 Pt 1):1228–33. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01228.x. PMID: 11523608Harmon D., Algalarrondo V., Gandjbakhch E., Extramiana F., Marijon E., Elbaz N. et al. Outcome and incidence of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016;222:562–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.254Harmon D., Algalarrondo V., Gandjbakhch E., Extramiana F., Marijon E., Elbaz N. et al. Outcome and incidence of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016;222:562–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.254Fontana M., Pica S., Reant P., Abdel-Gadir A., Treibel T.A., Bany persad S.M. et al. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2015;132(16):1570–1579. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016567Fontana M., Pica S., Reant P., Abdel-Gadir A., Treibel T.A., Bany persad S.M. et al. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2015;132(16):1570–1579. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016567Kotecha T., Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., Francis R., Nordin S., Abdel-Gadir A. et al. Myocardial edema and prognosis in amyloidosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;71(25):2919–2931. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.536. PMID: 29929616.Kotecha T., Martinez-Naharro A., Treibel T.A., Francis R., Nordin S., Abdel-Gadir A. et al. Myocardial edema and prognosis in amyloidosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;71(25):2919–2931. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.536. PMID: 29929616.Zampieri M., Allinovi M., Olivotto I., Antonioli E., Gabriele M., Argirò A. et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in light-chain amyloidosis: a clash of cardio-toxicities? Br. J. Haematol. 2021;193(4):e27–e31. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17399Zampieri M., Allinovi M., Olivotto I., Antonioli E., Gabriele M., Argirò A. et al. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in light-chain amyloidosis: a clash of cardio-toxicities? Br. J. Haematol. 2021;193(4):e27–e31. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17399

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.