clinmedКлиническая медицинаClinical Medicine (Russian Journal)0023-21492412-1339ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»10.30629/0023-2149-2023-101-1-6-17clinmed-494Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESТерапия перикардита колхицином, антагонистами интерлейкина-1, иммуносупрессантамиTherapy of pericarditis with colchicine, interleukin-1 antagonists, immunosuppressantshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-7820СукмароваЗ. Н.SukmarovaZ. N.

Сукмарова Зульфия Наилевна — канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории системной красной волчанки

115522, Москва

Sukmarova Zulfiya N.

115522, Moscow

suzulfia@gmail.comСимоненкоВ. Б.SimonenkoV. B.

Симоненко Владимир Борисович — д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор кафедры терапии неотложных состояний

107392, Москва

Simonenko Vladimir B.

107392, Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-8360НасоновЕ. Л.NasonovE. L.

Насонов Евгений Львович — д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель; профессор кафедры внутренних, профессиональных болезней и ревматологии, главный внештатный специалист-ревматолог МЗ РФ

115522, Москва

119991, Москва

Nasonov Evgeny L.

107392, Moscow

119991 Moscow

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии имени В.А. Насоновой» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian FederationФилиал ФГБВОУ ВО Военно-медицинской академии им. С. М. Кирова в г. Москве Минобороны РоссииРоссияBranch Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov in Moscow of the Ministry of Defense of RussiaRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии имени В.А. Насоновой» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Russian Federation2023260320231011617Copyright © Сукмарова З.Н., Симоненко В.Б., Насонов Е.Л., 20232023Сукмарова З.Н., Симоненко В.Б., Насонов Е.Л.Sukmarova Z.N., Simonenko V.B., Nasonov E.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/494

С момента обновления Европейских рекомендаций по ведению перикардита [1] прошло 8 лет, почти 3 года из которых продолжается пандемия нового коронавируса, изменившего структуру и течение всех кардиологических заболеваний. На сегодняшний день нет сомнений, что доминирующей причиной возникновения перикардита является новый коронавирус SARS-CоV-2. Однако остаются актуальными такие неинфекционные причины, как системные воспалительные заболевания, паранеопластические и постперикардиотомные синдромы, требующие дифференцированной терапевтической стратегии. В данной части систематического обзора рассматриваются вопросы терапии затяжного, рецидивирующего и хронического перикардита вирусной/идиопатической природы. Особое внимание уделяется публикациям об эффективности препарата колхицин и антагонистов интерлейкина-1. Проведен обзор литературы в медицинских ресурсах PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate с давностью публикаций с 01.1990 по 10.2022 г., затрагивающих вопросы дифференцированной терапии перикардита различными противовоспалительными препаратами.

Eight years have passed since the update of the European Guidelines for the management of pericarditis, almost 3 years of which the pandemic of the new coronavirus has been continuing. COVID-19 has changed the structure and the course of all cardiac diseases. At present there is no doubt that the dominant cause of pericarditis is the new coronavirus SARS-CоV-2. However, such non-infectious causes as systemic inflammatory diseases, paraneoplastic and postpericardiotomy syndromes that require a differentiated therapeutic strategy, remain relevant. This part of the systematic review addresses the treatment of incessant, recurrent, and chronic viral/idiopathic pericarditis. Particular attention is paid to publications on the effectiveness of the therapy with colchicine and interleukin-1 antagonists. The review of the medical resources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate (publications from 01.1990 to 10.2022) was conducted, the issues of differentiated pericarditis therapy with various anti-inflammatory drugs were studied thoroughly.

перикардиттерапиядиагностикаSARS-CоV-2COVID-19pericarditistherapydiagnosticsSARS-CоV-2COVID-19ReferencesAdler Y., Char ron P., Imazio M., Badano L., Barón-Esquivias G., Bogaert J., Brucato A., Gueret P., Klingel K., Lionis C., Maisch B., Mayosi B., Pavie A., Ristic A.D., Sabaté Tenas M., Seferovic P., Swedberg K., Tomkowski W.; ESC Scientifi c Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921–2964. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318Adler Y., Char ron P., Imazio M., Badano L., Barón-Esquivias G., Bogaert J., Brucato A., Gueret P., Klingel K., Lionis C., Maisch B., Mayosi B., Pavie A., Ristic A.D., Sabaté Tenas M., Seferovic P., Swedberg K., Tomkowski W.; ESC Scientifi c Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921–2964. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318Imazio M., Brucato A., Derosa F.G., Lestuzzi C., Bombana E., Scipione F., Leuzzi S., Cecchi E., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2009;10(3):217–30. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1Imazio M., Brucato A., Derosa F.G., Lestuzzi C., Bombana E., Scipione F., Leuzzi S., Cecchi E., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2009;10(3):217–30. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1Imazio M., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Maggiolini S., Beqaraj F., Demarie D., Forno D., Ferro S., Maestroni S., Belli R., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y.; ICAP Investigators. A randomized trial of colchicine for acute pericarditis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;369:1522–1528. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208536Imazio M., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Maggiolini S., Beqaraj F., Demarie D., Forno D., Ferro S., Maestroni S., Belli R., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y.; ICAP Investigators. A randomized trial of colchicine for acute pericarditis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;369:1522–1528. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208536Cremer P.C., Kumar A., Kontzias A., Tan C.D., Rodriguez E.R., Imazio M., Klein A.L. Complicated Pericarditis: Understanding Risk Factors and Pathophysiology to Inform Imaging and Treatment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016;68(21):2311–2328. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.785.Cremer P.C., Kumar A., Kontzias A., Tan C.D., Rodriguez E.R., Imazio M., Klein A.L. Complicated Pericarditis: Understanding Risk Factors and Pathophysiology to Inform Imaging and Treatment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016;68(21):2311–2328. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.785.Brucato A., Brambilla G., Moreo A., Alberti A., Munforti C., Ghirardello A., Doria A., Shinar Y., Livneh A., Adler Y., Shoenfeld Y., Mauri F., Palmieri G., Spodick D.H. Long-term outcomes in diffi - cult-to-treat patients with recurrent pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006;98(2):267–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.086Brucato A., Brambilla G., Moreo A., Alberti A., Munforti C., Ghirardello A., Doria A., Shinar Y., Livneh A., Adler Y., Shoenfeld Y., Mauri F., Palmieri G., Spodick D.H. Long-term outcomes in diffi - cult-to-treat patients with recurrent pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006;98(2):267–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.086Lin D., Laliberté F., Majeski C., Magestro M., Lejeune D., Duh M.S., Lim-Watson M., Paolini J.F. Disease and economic burden associated with recurrent pericarditis in a privately insured United States population. Adv. Ther. 2021;38(10):5127–5143. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01868-7Lin D., Laliberté F., Majeski C., Magestro M., Lejeune D., Duh M.S., Lim-Watson M., Paolini J.F. Disease and economic burden associated with recurrent pericarditis in a privately insured United States population. Adv. Ther. 2021;38(10):5127–5143. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01868-7Lutschinger L.L., Rigopoulos A.G., Schlattmann P., Matiakis M., Sedding D., Schulze P.C., Noutsias M. Meta-analysis for the value of colchicine for the therapy of pericarditis and of postpericardiotomy syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2019;19(1):207. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1190-4Lutschinger L.L., Rigopoulos A.G., Schlattmann P., Matiakis M., Sedding D., Schulze P.C., Noutsias M. Meta-analysis for the value of colchicine for the therapy of pericarditis and of postpericardiotomy syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2019;19(1):207. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1190-4Сукмарова З.Н., Симоненко В.Б., Насонов Е.Л. Лечение боль- ных перикардитом противовоспалительными средствами. Кли- ническая медицина. 2022;100(11–12):509–519.Sukmarova Z.N., Simonenko V.B., Nasonov E.L. Treatment of patients with pericarditis with anti-infl ammatory drugs. Klinicheskaya meditsina. 2022;100(11–12):509–519. (In Russian). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2022-100-11-12Imazio M., Brucato A., Lazaros G., Andreis A., Scarsi M., Klein A., De Ferrari G.M., Adler Y. Anti-infl ammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625–629. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001059Imazio M., Brucato A., Lazaros G., Andreis A., Scarsi M., Klein A., De Ferrari G.M., Adler Y. Anti-infl ammatory therapies for pericardial diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic: safety and potentiality. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2020;21(9):625–629. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001059Vecchié A., Del Buono M.G., Chiabrando G.J., Dentali F., Abbate A., Bonaventura A. Interleukin-1 and the NLRP3 Infl ammasome in Pericardial Disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2021;23(11):157. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01589-xVecchié A., Del Buono M.G., Chiabrando G.J., Dentali F., Abbate A., Bonaventura A. Interleukin-1 and the NLRP3 Infl ammasome in Pericardial Disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2021;23(11):157. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01589-xToldo S., Abbate A. The NLRP3 infl ammasome in acute myocardial infarction. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2018;15:203–14. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.161Toldo S., Abbate A. The NLRP3 infl ammasome in acute myocardial infarction. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2018;15:203–14. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.161Bonaventura A., Vecchie A., Mauro A.G., Brucato A.L., Imazio M., Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva Med. 2020. DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04205-6Bonaventura A., Vecchie A., Mauro A.G., Brucato A.L., Imazio M., Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva Med. 2020. DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04205-6Mauro A.G., Bonaventura A., Vecchié A., Mezzaroma E., Carbone S., Narayan P., Potere N., Cannatà A., Paolini J.F., Bussani R., Montecucco F., Sinagra G., Van Tassel B.W., Abbate A., Toldo S. The Role of NLRP3 Infl ammasome in Pericarditis: Potential for Therapeutic Approaches. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 2021;6(2):137– 150. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.016Mauro A.G., Bonaventura A., Vecchié A., Mezzaroma E., Carbone S., Narayan P., Potere N., Cannatà A., Paolini J.F., Bussani R., Montecucco F., Sinagra G., Van Tassel B.W., Abbate A., Toldo S. The Role of NLRP3 Infl ammasome in Pericarditis: Potential for Therapeutic Approaches. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 2021;6(2):137– 150. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.016Deftereos S.G., Siasos G., Giannopoulos G., Vrachatis D.A., Angelidis C., Giotaki S.G., Gargalianos P., Giamarellou H., Gogos C., Daikos G., Lazanas M., Lagiou P., Saroglou G., Sipsas N., Tsiodras S., Chatzigeorgiou D., Moussas N., Kotanidou A., Koulouris N., Oikonomou E., Kaoukis A., Kossyvakis C., Raisakis K., Fountoulaki K., Comis M., Tsiachris D., Sarri E., Theodorakis A., Martinez-Dolz L., Sanz-Sánchez J., Reimers B., Stefanini G.G., Cleman M., Filippou D., Olympios C.D., Pyrgakis V.N., Goudevenos J., Hahalis G., Kolettis T.M., Iliodromitis E., Tousoulis D., Stefanadis C. The Greek study in the eff ects of colchicine in COVID-19 complications prevention (GRECCO-19 study): Rationale and study design. Hellenic J. Cardiol. 2020;61(1):42–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.03.002Deftereos S.G., Siasos G., Giannopoulos G., Vrachatis D.A., Angelidis C., Giotaki S.G., Gargalianos P., Giamarellou H., Gogos C., Daikos G., Lazanas M., Lagiou P., Saroglou G., Sipsas N., Tsiodras S., Chatzigeorgiou D., Moussas N., Kotanidou A., Koulouris N., Oikonomou E., Kaoukis A., Kossyvakis C., Raisakis K., Fountoulaki K., Comis M., Tsiachris D., Sarri E., Theodorakis A., Martinez-Dolz L., Sanz-Sánchez J., Reimers B., Stefanini G.G., Cleman M., Filippou D., Olympios C.D., Pyrgakis V.N., Goudevenos J., Hahalis G., Kolettis T.M., Iliodromitis E., Tousoulis D., Stefanadis C. The Greek study in the eff ects of colchicine in COVID-19 complications prevention (GRECCO-19 study): Rationale and study design. Hellenic J. Cardiol. 2020;61(1):42–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.03.002Angelidis C., Kotsialou Z., Kossyvakis C., Vrettou A.R., Zacharoulis A., Kolokathis F., Kekeris V., Giannopoulos G. Colchicine Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018;24(6):659–663. DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180123110042Angelidis C., Kotsialou Z., Kossyvakis C., Vrettou A.R., Zacharoulis A., Kolokathis F., Kekeris V., Giannopoulos G. Colchicine Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018;24(6):659–663. DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180123110042Imazio M., Bobbio M., Cecchi E., Demarie D., Demichelis B., Pomari F., Moratti M., Gaschino G., Giammaria M., Ghisio A., Belli R., Trinchero R. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005;112(13):2012–6. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542738Imazio M., Bobbio M., Cecchi E., Demarie D., Demichelis B., Pomari F., Moratti M., Gaschino G., Giammaria M., Ghisio A., Belli R., Trinchero R. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005;112(13):2012–6. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542738Sambola A., Roca Luque I., Mercé J., Alguersuari J., Francisco-Pascual J., García-Dorado D., Sagristà-Sauleda J. Colchicine Administered in the First Episode of Acute Idiopathic Pericarditis: A Randomized Multicenter Open-label Study. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl Ed). 2019;72(9):709–716. English, Spanish. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2018.11.016Sambola A., Roca Luque I., Mercé J., Alguersuari J., Francisco-Pascual J., García-Dorado D., Sagristà-Sauleda J. Colchicine Administered in the First Episode of Acute Idiopathic Pericarditis: A Randomized Multicenter Open-label Study. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl Ed). 2019;72(9):709–716. English, Spanish. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2018.11.016Imazio M. Why Colchicine Should Continue To Be The First Line Therapy For Acute And Recurrent Pericarditis. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl Ed) 2019; 72:705. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.03.009Imazio M. Why Colchicine Should Continue To Be The First Line Therapy For Acute And Recurrent Pericarditis. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl Ed) 2019; 72:705. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.03.009Imazio M., Bobbio M., Cecchi E., Demarie D., Pomari F., Moratti M., Ghisio A., Belli R., Trinchero R. Colchicine as fi rst-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis: results of the CORE (COlchicine for REcurrent pericarditis) trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005;165(17):1987– 91. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.17.1987Imazio M., Bobbio M., Cecchi E., Demarie D., Pomari F., Moratti M., Ghisio A., Belli R., Trinchero R. Colchicine as fi rst-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis: results of the CORE (COlchicine for REcurrent pericarditis) trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005;165(17):1987– 91. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.17.1987Imazio M., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Belli R., Maestroni S., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y.; CORP (COlchicine for Recurrent Pericarditis) Investigators. Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis (CORP): a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2011;155:409–414. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-7-201110040-00359Imazio M., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Belli R., Maestroni S., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y.; CORP (COlchicine for Recurrent Pericarditis) Investigators. Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis (CORP): a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2011;155:409–414. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-7-201110040-00359Imazio M., Belli R., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Beqaraj F., Demarie D., Ferro S., Forno D., Maestroni S., Cumetti D., Varbella F., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y. Effi cacy and safety of colchicine for treatment of multiple recurrences of pericarditis (CORP-2): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:2232–2237Imazio M., Belli R., Brucato A., Cemin R., Ferrua S., Beqaraj F., Demarie D., Ferro S., Forno D., Maestroni S., Cumetti D., Varbella F., Trinchero R., Spodick D.H., Adler Y. Effi cacy and safety of colchicine for treatment of multiple recurrences of pericarditis (CORP-2): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:2232–2237Imazio M., Brucato A., Forno D., Ferro S., Belli R., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Effi cacy and safety of colchicine for pericarditis prevention. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2012;98(14):1078–82. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301306Imazio M., Brucato A., Forno D., Ferro S., Belli R., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Effi cacy and safety of colchicine for pericarditis prevention. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2012;98(14):1078–82. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301306Alabed S., Cabello J.B., Irving G.J., Qintar M., Burls A. Colchicine for pericarditis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014;(8):CD010652. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010652.pub2Alabed S., Cabello J.B., Irving G.J., Qintar M., Burls A. Colchicine for pericarditis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014;(8):CD010652. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010652.pub2Imazio M., Brucato A., Belli R., Forno D., Ferro S., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Colchicine for the prevention of pericarditis: what we know and what we do not know in 2014 — systematic review and metaanaly sis. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2014;15(12):840–6. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000103Imazio M., Brucato A., Belli R., Forno D., Ferro S., Trinchero R., Adler Y. Colchicine for the prevention of pericarditis: what we know and what we do not know in 2014 — systematic review and metaanaly sis. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2014;15(12):840–6. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000103Artom G., Koren-Morag N., Spodick D.H., Brucato A., Guindo J., Bayes-de-Luna A., Brambilla G., Finkelstein Y., Granel B., Bayes-Genis A., Schwammenthal E., Adler Y. Pretreatment with corticosteroids attenuates the effi cacy of colchicine in preventing recurrent pericarditis: a multi-centre all-case analysis. Eur. Heart J. 2005;26:723. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi197Artom G., Koren-Morag N., Spodick D.H., Brucato A., Guindo J., Bayes-de-Luna A., Brambilla G., Finkelstein Y., Granel B., Bayes-Genis A., Schwammenthal E., Adler Y. Pretreatment with corticosteroids attenuates the effi cacy of colchicine in preventing recurrent pericarditis: a multi-centre all-case analysis. Eur. Heart J. 2005;26:723. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi197Richter M., Boldescu V., Graf D., Streicher F., Dimoglo A., Bartenschlager R., Klein C.D. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Combretastatin and Colchicine Derivatives and their hCE1-Activated Prodrugs as Antiviral Agents. Chem. Med. Chem. 2019;14(4):469–483. DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800641Richter M., Boldescu V., Graf D., Streicher F., Dimoglo A., Bartenschlager R., Klein C.D. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Combretastatin and Colchicine Derivatives and their hCE1-Activated Prodrugs as Antiviral Agents. Chem. Med. Chem. 2019;14(4):469–483. DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800641Biswas K., Das Sarma J. Eff ect of microtubule disruption on neuronal spread and replication of demyelinating and nondemyelinating strains of mouse hepatitis virus in vitro. J. Virol. 2014;88:3043–3079. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02545-13Biswas K., Das Sarma J. Eff ect of microtubule disruption on neuronal spread and replication of demyelinating and nondemyelinating strains of mouse hepatitis virus in vitro. J. Virol. 2014;88:3043–3079. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02545-13Lu N., Yang Y., Liu H., Ding X., Ou Y., Xia J., Du Y. Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication and suppression of RSV-induced airway infl ammation in neonatal rats by colchicine. 3 Biotech. 2019;9(11):392. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1917-zLu N., Yang Y., Liu H., Ding X., Ou Y., Xia J., Du Y. Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication and suppression of RSV-induced airway infl ammation in neonatal rats by colchicine. 3 Biotech. 2019;9(11):392. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1917-zWorachartcheewan A., Songtawee N., Siriwong S., Prachayasittikul S., Nantasenamat C., Prachayasittikul V. Rational design of colchicine derivatives as anti-HIV agents via QSAR and molecular docking. Med. Chem. 2019;15:328–340. DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180924163756Worachartcheewan A., Songtawee N., Siriwong S., Prachayasittikul S., Nantasenamat C., Prachayasittikul V. Rational design of colchicine derivatives as anti-HIV agents via QSAR and molecular docking. Med. Chem. 2019;15:328–340. DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180924163756Milewska A., Nowak P., Owczarek K., Szczepanski A., Zarebski M., Hoang A., Berniak K., Wojarski J., Zeglen S., Baster Z., Rajfur Z., Pyrc K. Entry of Human Coronavirus NL63 into the Cell. J. Virol. 2018;92(3):e01933–17. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01933-17Milewska A., Nowak P., Owczarek K., Szczepanski A., Zarebski M., Hoang A., Berniak K., Wojarski J., Zeglen S., Baster Z., Rajfur Z., Pyrc K. Entry of Human Coronavirus NL63 into the Cell. J. Virol. 2018;92(3):e01933–17. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01933-17Lopes M.I., Bonjorno L.P., Giannini M.C., Amaral N.B., Menezes P.I., Dib S.M., Gigante S.L., Benatti M.N., Rezek U.C., Emrich-Filho L.L., Sousa B.A.A., Almeida S .C .L., Luppino Assad R., Veras F.P., Schneider A., Rodrigues T.S., Leiria L .O .S., Cunha L.D., Alves-Filho J.C., Cunha T.M., Arruda E., Miranda C.H., Pazin-Filho A., Auxiliadora-Martins M., Borges M.C., Fonseca B.A.L., Bollela V.R., Del-Ben C.M., Cunha F.Q., Zamboni D.S., Santana R.C., Vilar F.C., Louzada-Junior P., Oliveira R.D.R. Benefi cial eff ects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. RMD Open. 2021;7(1):e001455. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001455Lopes M.I., Bonjorno L.P., Giannini M.C., Amaral N.B., Menezes P.I., Dib S.M., Gigante S.L., Benatti M.N., Rezek U.C., Emrich-Filho L.L., Sousa B.A.A., Almeida S .C .L., Luppino Assad R., Veras F.P., Schneider A., Rodrigues T.S., Leiria L .O .S., Cunha L.D., Alves-Filho J.C., Cunha T.M., Arruda E., Miranda C.H., Pazin-Filho A., Auxiliadora-Martins M., Borges M.C., Fonseca B.A.L., Bollela V.R., Del-Ben C.M., Cunha F.Q., Zamboni D.S., Santana R.C., Vilar F.C., Louzada-Junior P., Oliveira R.D.R. Benefi cial eff ects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. RMD Open. 2021;7(1):e001455. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001455Deftereos S.G., Giannopoulos G., Vrachatis D.A., Siasos G.D., Giotaki S.G., Gargalianos P., Metallidis S., Sianos G., Baltagiannis S., Panagopoulos P., Dolianitis K., Randou E., Syrigos K., Kotanidou A., Koulouris N.G., Milionis H., Sipsas N., Gogos C., Tsoukalas G., Olympios C.D., Tsagalou E., Migdalis I., Gerakari S., Angelidis C., Alexopoulos D., Davlouros P., Hahalis G., Kanonidis I., Katritsis D., Kolettis T., Manolis A.S., Michalis L., Naka K.K., Pyrgakis V.N., Toutouzas K.P., Triposkiadis F., Tsioufi s K., Vavouranakis E., Martinèz-Dolz L., Reimers B., Stefanini G.G., Cleman M., Goudevenos J., Tsiodras S., Tousoulis D., Iliodromitis E., Mehran R., Dangas G., Stefanadis C.; GRECCO-19 investigators. Eff ect of Colchicine vs Standard Care on Cardiac and Infl ammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The GRECCO-19 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3(6):e2013136. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136Deftereos S.G., Giannopoulos G., Vrachatis D.A., Siasos G.D., Giotaki S.G., Gargalianos P., Metallidis S., Sianos G., Baltagiannis S., Panagopoulos P., Dolianitis K., Randou E., Syrigos K., Kotanidou A., Koulouris N.G., Milionis H., Sipsas N., Gogos C., Tsoukalas G., Olympios C.D., Tsagalou E., Migdalis I., Gerakari S., Angelidis C., Alexopoulos D., Davlouros P., Hahalis G., Kanonidis I., Katritsis D., Kolettis T., Manolis A.S., Michalis L., Naka K.K., Pyrgakis V.N., Toutouzas K.P., Triposkiadis F., Tsioufi s K., Vavouranakis E., Martinèz-Dolz L., Reimers B., Stefanini G.G., Cleman M., Goudevenos J., Tsiodras S., Tousoulis D., Iliodromitis E., Mehran R., Dangas G., Stefanadis C.; GRECCO-19 investigators. Eff ect of Colchicine vs Standard Care on Cardiac and Infl ammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The GRECCO-19 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3(6):e2013136. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136Tardif J-C, Bouabdallaoui N, L’Allier PL, et al. Effi cacy of Colchicine in Non-Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.21250494Tardif J-C, Bouabdallaoui N, L’Allier PL, et al. Effi cacy of Colchicine in Non-Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.21250494Horby P.W., Campbell M., Spata E. et al. for the RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2021;9(12):1419–1426. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00435-5Horby P.W., Campbell M., Spata E. et al. for the RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2021;9(12):1419–1426. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00435-5Mikolajewska A., Fischer A.L., Piechotta V., Mueller A., Metzendorf M.I., Becker M., Dorando E., Pacheco R.L., Martimbianco ALC., Riera R., Skoetz N., Stegemann M. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;10(10):CD015045. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015045Mikolajewska A., Fischer A.L., Piechotta V., Mueller A., Metzendorf M.I., Becker M., Dorando E., Pacheco R.L., Martimbianco ALC., Riera R., Skoetz N., Stegemann M. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;10(10):CD015045. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015045Chiu L, Chow R, Chiu N, et al. Colchicine use in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.02.21250960Chiu L, Chow R, Chiu N, et al. Colchicine use in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.02.21250960Diaz R., Orlandini A., Castellana N., Caccavo A., Corral P., Corral G., Chacón C., Lamelas P., Botto F., Díaz M.L., Domínguez J.M., Pascual A., Rovito C., Galatte A., Scarafi a F., Sued O., Gutierrez O., Jolly S.S., Miró J.M., Eikelboom J., Loeb M., Maggioni A.P., Bhatt D.L., Yusuf S.; ECLA PHRI COLCOVID Trial Investigato. Eff ect of Colchicine vs Usual Care Alone on Intubation and 28-Day Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2141328. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41328Diaz R., Orlandini A., Castellana N., Caccavo A., Corral P., Corral G., Chacón C., Lamelas P., Botto F., Díaz M.L., Domínguez J.M., Pascual A., Rovito C., Galatte A., Scarafi a F., Sued O., Gutierrez O., Jolly S.S., Miró J.M., Eikelboom J., Loeb M., Maggioni A.P., Bhatt D.L., Yusuf S.; ECLA PHRI COLCOVID Trial Investigato. Eff ect of Colchicine vs Usual Care Alone on Intubation and 28-Day Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2141328. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41328Алекберова З.С., Насонов Е.Л. Перспективы применения колхицина в медицине: новые данные. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2020;58(2):183–90.Alekberova Z.S., Nasonov E.L. Prospects for using colchicine in medicine: new evidence. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2020;58(2):183–90 (In Russian). DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2020-183-190Imazio M., Andreis A., Piroli F., Lazaros G., Gattorno M., Lewinter M., Klein A.L., Brucato A. Anti-interleukin 1 agents for the treatment of recurrent pericarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2021:heartjnl-2020-318869. DOI: 10.1136/heart-jnl-2020-318869Imazio M., Andreis A., Piroli F., Lazaros G., Gattorno M., Lewinter M., Klein A.L., Brucato A. Anti-interleukin 1 agents for the treatment of recurrent pericarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2021:heartjnl-2020-318869. DOI: 10.1136/heart-jnl-2020-318869Baskar S., Klein A.L., Zeft A. The Use of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist (Anakinra) in Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis: A Narrative Review. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2016;2016:7840724. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7840724Baskar S., Klein A.L., Zeft A. The Use of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist (Anakinra) in Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis: A Narrative Review. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2016;2016:7840724. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7840724Насонов Е.Л. Роль интерлейкина-1 в развитии заболеваний че- ло века. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2018;56(1):19–27.Nasonov E.L. The role of interleukin 1 in the development of human diseases. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(4):19–27. (In Russian). DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-19-27Dinarello CA. The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in rheumatic diseases. Na.t Rev. Rheumatol. 2019;15(10):612–32. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0277-8Dinarello CA. The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in rheumatic diseases. Na.t Rev. Rheumatol. 2019;15(10):612–32. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0277-8Chiabrando J.G., Bonaventura A., Vecchié A., Wohlford G.F., Mauro A.G., Jordan J.H., Grizzard J.D., Montecucco F., Berrocal D.H., Brucato A., Imazio M., Abbate A. Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;75:76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.021Chiabrando J.G., Bonaventura A., Vecchié A., Wohlford G.F., Mauro A.G., Jordan J.H., Grizzard J.D., Montecucco F., Berrocal D.H., Brucato A., Imazio M., Abbate A. Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;75:76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.021Насонов Е.Л., Самсонов М.Ю. Роль интерлейкина 1 в развитии заболеваний человека: фокус на Анакинре (рецепторном ан та гонисте ИЛ-1). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(3):280–298.Nasonov E.L., Samsonov M.Yu. The role of interleukin 1 in the development of human diseases: focus on Anakinra (IL-1 receptor antagonist). Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(3):280–298. (In Russian). DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-280-298Pereda C.A., Nishishinya-Aquino M.B., Brito-Garcia N., Del Campo D., Fontecha P., Rua-Figueroa I. Is cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia needed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapies? Rheumatol. Int. 2021;41(8):1419–27. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04808-4Pereda C.A., Nishishinya-Aquino M.B., Brito-Garcia N., Del Campo D., Fontecha P., Rua-Figueroa I. Is cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia needed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapies? Rheumatol. Int. 2021;41(8):1419–27. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04808-4Roque Rojas F., Mellor Pita S., Tutor de Ureta P. Idiopathic relapsing acute pericarditis: Report of one case with favorable response to anakinra. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2018;150:160. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.08.005Roque Rojas F., Mellor Pita S., Tutor de Ureta P. Idiopathic relapsing acute pericarditis: Report of one case with favorable response to anakinra. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2018;150:160. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.08.005Imazio M., Andreis A., De Ferrari G.M., Cremer P.C., Mardigyan V., Maestroni S., Luis S.A., Lopalco G., Emmi G., Lotan D., Marcolongo R., Lazaros G., De Biasio M., Cantarini L., Dagna L., Cercek A.C., Pivetta E., Varma B., Berkson L., Tombetti E., Iannone F., Prisco D., Caforio A.L.P., Vassilopoulos D., Tousoulis D., De Luca G., Giustetto C., Rinaldi M., Oh J.K., Klein A.L. Anakinra for corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant pericarditis: The IRAP (International Registry of Anakinra for Pericarditis) study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2020;27(9):956–964. DOI: 10.1177/2047487319879534Imazio M., Andreis A., De Ferrari G.M., Cremer P.C., Mardigyan V., Maestroni S., Luis S.A., Lopalco G., Emmi G., Lotan D., Marcolongo R., Lazaros G., De Biasio M., Cantarini L., Dagna L., Cercek A.C., Pivetta E., Varma B., Berkson L., Tombetti E., Iannone F., Prisco D., Caforio A.L.P., Vassilopoulos D., Tousoulis D., De Luca G., Giustetto C., Rinaldi M., Oh J.K., Klein A.L. Anakinra for corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant pericarditis: The IRAP (International Registry of Anakinra for Pericarditis) study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2020;27(9):956–964. DOI: 10.1177/2047487319879534Brucato A., Imazio M., Gattorno M., Lazaros G., Maestroni S., Carraro M., Finetti M., Cumetti D., Carobbio A., Ruperto N., Marcolongo R., Lorini M., Rimini A., Valenti A., Erre G.L., Sormani M.P., Belli R., Gaita F., Martini A. Eff ect of Anakinra on Recurrent Pericarditis Among Patients With Colchicine Resistance and Corticosteroid Dependence: The AIRTRIP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1906–1912. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.15826Brucato A., Imazio M., Gattorno M., Lazaros G., Maestroni S., Carraro M., Finetti M., Cumetti D., Carobbio A., Ruperto N., Marcolongo R., Lorini M., Rimini A., Valenti A., Erre G.L., Sormani M.P., Belli R., Gaita F., Martini A. Eff ect of Anakinra on Recurrent Pericarditis Among Patients With Colchicine Resistance and Corticosteroid Dependence: The AIRTRIP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1906–1912. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.15826Shaukat M.H., Singh S., Davis K., Torosoff M., Peredo-Wende R. Effi - cacy of anakinra for idiopathic and non-idiopathic pericarditis refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 2020;9(8):888–892. DOI: 10.1177/2048872619886309Shaukat M.H., Singh S., Davis K., Torosoff M., Peredo-Wende R. Effi - cacy of anakinra for idiopathic and non-idiopathic pericarditis refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 2020;9(8):888–892. DOI: 10.1177/2048872619886309Theodoropoulou K., vS-G A., BressieuxDegueldre S., Prsa M., Angelini F., Boulos T., Hofer M. A case of corticosteroid-dependent recurrent pericarditis with diff erent response to two IL-1 blocking agents. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2015;13(1):P1. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01308-yTheodoropoulou K., vS-G A., BressieuxDegueldre S., Prsa M., Angelini F., Boulos T., Hofer M. A case of corticosteroid-dependent recurrent pericarditis with diff erent response to two IL-1 blocking agents. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2015;13(1):P1. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01308-yKougkas N., Fanouriakis A., Papalopoulos I., Bertsias G., Avgoustidis N., Repa A., Sidiropoulos P. Canakinumab for recurrent rheumatic disease associated-pericarditis: a case series with long-term follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(8):1494–1495. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key077Kougkas N., Fanouriakis A., Papalopoulos I., Bertsias G., Avgoustidis N., Repa A., Sidiropoulos P. Canakinumab for recurrent rheumatic disease associated-pericarditis: a case series with long-term follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(8):1494–1495. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key077Signa S., D'Alessandro M., Consolini R., Miniaci A., Bustaff a M., Longo C., Tosca M.A., Bizzi M., Caorsi R., Mendonça L.O., Pession A., Ravelli A., Gattorno M. Failure of anti Interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody in the treatment of recurrent pericarditis in two children. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2020;18(1):51. DOI: 10.1186/s12969-020-00438-5Signa S., D'Alessandro M., Consolini R., Miniaci A., Bustaff a M., Longo C., Tosca M.A., Bizzi M., Caorsi R., Mendonça L.O., Pession A., Ravelli A., Gattorno M. Failure of anti Interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody in the treatment of recurrent pericarditis in two children. Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J. 2020;18(1):51. DOI: 10.1186/s12969-020-00438-5Epcacan S., Sahin S., Kasapcopur O. Anaphylactic reaction to anakinra in a child with steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericardi tis and successful management with canakinumab. Cardiol. Young. 2019;29:549–551. DOI: 10.1017/S1047951119000672Epcacan S., Sahin S., Kasapcopur O. Anaphylactic reaction to anakinra in a child with steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericardi tis and successful management with canakinumab. Cardiol. Young. 2019;29:549–551. DOI: 10.1017/S1047951119000672Klein A.L., Imazio M., Cremer P., Brucato A., Abbate A., Fang F., Insalaco A., LeWinter M., Lewis B.S., Lin D., Luis S.A., Nicholls S.J., Pano A., Wheeler A., Paolini J.F.; RHAPSODY Investigators. Phase 3 Trial of Interleukin-1 Trap Rilonacept in Recurrent Pericarditis.. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384(1):31–41. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2027892Klein A.L., Imazio M., Cremer P., Brucato A., Abbate A., Fang F., Insalaco A., LeWinter M., Lewis B.S., Lin D., Luis S.A., Nicholls S.J., Pano A., Wheeler A., Paolini J.F.; RHAPSODY Investigators. Phase 3 Trial of Interleukin-1 Trap Rilonacept in Recurrent Pericarditis.. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021;384(1):31–41. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2027892Vassilopoulos D., Lazaros G., Tsioufi s C., Vasileiou P., Stefana dis C., Pectasides D. Successful treatment of adult patients with idiopa-thic recurrent pericarditis with an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra). Int. J. Cardiol. 2012;160(1):66–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.086Vassilopoulos D., Lazaros G., Tsioufi s C., Vasileiou P., Stefana dis C., Pectasides D. Successful treatment of adult patients with idiopa-thic recurrent pericarditis with an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra). Int. J. Cardiol. 2012;160(1):66–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.086Jain S., Thongprayoon C., Espinosa R.E., Hayes S.N., Klarich K.W., Cooper L.T., Moder K.G., Anavekar N.S., Oh J.K., Matteson E.L. Eff ectiveness and Safety of Anakinra for Management of Refractory Pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2015;116(8):1277–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.047Jain S., Thongprayoon C., Espinosa R.E., Hayes S.N., Klarich K.W., Cooper L.T., Moder K.G., Anavekar N.S., Oh J.K., Matteson E.L. Eff ectiveness and Safety of Anakinra for Management of Refractory Pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2015;116(8):1277–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.047Scott I.C., Hajela V., Hawkins P.N., Lachmann, H.J. A case series and systematic literature review of anakinra and immunosuppression in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2011;12;4(2):e93–e97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2011.07.003Scott I.C., Hajela V., Hawkins P.N., Lachmann, H.J. A case series and systematic literature review of anakinra and immunosuppression in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. J. Cardiol. Cases. 2011;12;4(2):e93–e97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2011.07.003Rodriguez-Gonzalez M., Ruiz-Gonzalez E., Castellano-Martinez A. Anakinra as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children: case report and literature review. Cardiol. Young. 2019;29(2):241–243. DOI: 10.1017/S1047951118002020Rodriguez-Gonzalez M., Ruiz-Gonzalez E., Castellano-Martinez A. Anakinra as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children: case report and literature review. Cardiol. Young. 2019;29(2):241–243. DOI: 10.1017/S1047951118002020Brucato A., Emmi G., Cantarini L., Di Lenarda A., Gattorno M., Lo palco G., Marcolongo R., Imazio M., Martini A., Prisco D. Mana gement of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in adults and in children: a role for IL-1 receptor antagonism. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2018;13(4):475–489. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1842-xBrucato A., Emmi G., Cantarini L., Di Lenarda A., Gattorno M., Lo palco G., Marcolongo R., Imazio M., Martini A., Prisco D. Mana gement of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in adults and in children: a role for IL-1 receptor antagonism. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2018;13(4):475–489. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1842-xFinetti M., Insalaco A., Cantarini L., Meini A., Breda L., Alessio M., D'Alessandro M., Picco P., Martini A., Gattorno M. Long-term ef- fi cacy of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) in corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant recurrent pericarditis. J. Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1425–31.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.065Finetti M., Insalaco A., Cantarini L., Meini A., Breda L., Alessio M., D'Alessandro M., Picco P., Martini A., Gattorno M. Long-term ef- fi cacy of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) in corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant recurrent pericarditis. J. Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1425–31.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.065Picco P., Brisca G., Traverso F., Loy A., Gattorno M., Martini A. Successful treatment of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children with interleukin-1beta receptor antagonist (anakinra): an unrecognized autoinfl ammatory disease? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(1):264–8. DOI: 10.1002/art.24174Picco P., Brisca G., Traverso F., Loy A., Gattorno M., Martini A. Successful treatment of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children with interleukin-1beta receptor antagonist (anakinra): an unrecognized autoinfl ammatory disease? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(1):264–8. DOI: 10.1002/art.24174Lazaros G., Imazio M., Brucato A., Vassilopoulos D., Vasileiou P., Gattorno M., Tousoulis D., Martini A. Anakinra: an emerging option for refractory idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: a systematic review of published evidence. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2016;17(4):256–62. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000266Lazaros G., Imazio M., Brucato A., Vassilopoulos D., Vasileiou P., Gattorno M., Tousoulis D., Martini A. Anakinra: an emerging option for refractory idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: a systematic review of published evidence. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2016;17(4):256–62. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000266Scardapane A., Brucato A., Chiarelli F., Breda L. Effi cacy of an interleukin-1b receptor antagonist (Anakinra) in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2013;34:1989–1991. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0532-0Scardapane A., Brucato A., Chiarelli F., Breda L. Effi cacy of an interleukin-1b receptor antagonist (Anakinra) in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2013;34:1989–1991. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0532-0Camacho-Lovillo M., Me´ndez-Santos A. Successful treatment of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra). Pediatr. Cardiol 2013;34:1293–1294. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-013-0663-yCamacho-Lovillo M., Me´ndez-Santos A. Successful treatment of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra). Pediatr. Cardiol 2013;34:1293–1294. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-013-0663-yWohlford G.F., Buckley L.F., Vecchié A., Kadariya D., Markley R., Trankle C.R., Chiabrando J.G., de Chazal H.M., Van Tassell B., Abbate A. Acute efects of interleukin-1 blockade using anakinra in patients with acute pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2020;76(1):50–52. DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000847Wohlford G.F., Buckley L.F., Vecchié A., Kadariya D., Markley R., Trankle C.R., Chiabrando J.G., de Chazal H.M., Van Tassell B., Abbate A. Acute efects of interleukin-1 blockade using anakinra in patients with acute pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2020;76(1):50–52. DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000847Peet C.J., Rowczenio D., Omoyinmi E., Papadopoulou C., Mapalo B.R.R., Wood M.R., Capon F., Lachmann H.J. Pericarditis and Autoinfl ammation: A Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Patients With Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis and Monogenic Autoinfl ammatory Diseases at a National Referral Center. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2022;11(11):e024931. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024931Peet C.J., Rowczenio D., Omoyinmi E., Papadopoulou C., Mapalo B.R.R., Wood M.R., Capon F., Lachmann H.J. Pericarditis and Autoinfl ammation: A Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Patients With Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis and Monogenic Autoinfl ammatory Diseases at a National Referral Center. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2022;11(11):e024931. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024931Tufan A., Avanoğlu Güler A., Matucci-Cerinic M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinfl ammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):620–632. DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-168Tufan A., Avanoğlu Güler A., Matucci-Cerinic M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinfl ammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):620–632. DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-168Насонов Е.Л. Коронавирусная болезнь 2019 (COVID-19): вклад ревматологии. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(5):537–550.Nasonov E.L. 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): contribution of rheumatology. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2021;93(5):537–550. (In Russian). DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.05.200799Karaderi T., Bareke H., Kunter I., Seytanoglu A., Cagnan I., Balci D., Barin B., Hocaoglu M.B., Rahmioglu N., Asilmaz E., Taneri B. Host genetics at the intersection of autoimmunity and COVID-19: a potential key for heterogeneous COVID-19 Severity. Front Immunol. 2020;11:586111. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586111Karaderi T., Bareke H., Kunter I., Seytanoglu A., Cagnan I., Balci D., Barin B., Hocaoglu M.B., Rahmioglu N., Asilmaz E., Taneri B. Host genetics at the intersection of autoimmunity and COVID-19: a potential key for heterogeneous COVID-19 Severity. Front Immunol. 2020;11:586111. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586111Bhadelia N., Belkina A.C., Olson A., Winters T., Urick P., Lin N., Rifkin I., Kataria Y., Yuen R.R., Sagar M., Snyder-Cappione J.E. Distinct autoimmune antibody signatures between hospitalized acute COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals, and unexposed pre-pandemic controls. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.21.21249176.Bhadelia N., Belkina A.C., Olson A., Winters T., Urick P., Lin N., Rifkin I., Kataria Y., Yuen R.R., Sagar M., Snyder-Cappione J.E. Distinct autoimmune antibody signatures between hospitalized acute COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals, and unexposed pre-pandemic controls. MedRxiv. 2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.21.21249176.Kyriazopoulou E., Huet T., Cavalli G., Gori A., Kyprianou M., Pickkers P., Eugen-Olsen J., Clerici M., Veas F., Chatellier G., Kaplanski G., Netea M.G., Pontali E., Gattorno M., Cauchois R., Kooistra E., Kox M., Bandera A., Beaussier H., Mangioni D., Dagna L., van der Meer J.W.M., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Hayem G.; International Collaborative Group for Anakinra in COVID-19. Eff ect of anakinra on mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and patient-level meta-analysis. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(10):e690–e697. DOI: 10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00216-2Kyriazopoulou E., Huet T., Cavalli G., Gori A., Kyprianou M., Pickkers P., Eugen-Olsen J., Clerici M., Veas F., Chatellier G., Kaplanski G., Netea M.G., Pontali E., Gattorno M., Cauchois R., Kooistra E., Kox M., Bandera A., Beaussier H., Mangioni D., Dagna L., van der Meer J.W.M., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Hayem G.; International Collaborative Group for Anakinra in COVID-19. Eff ect of anakinra on mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and patient-level meta-analysis. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(10):e690–e697. DOI: 10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00216-2CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative group. Eff ect of anakinra versus usual care in adults in hospital with COVID-19 and mild-to-moderate pneumonia (CORIMUNO-ANA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2021;9(3):295–304. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30556-7CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative group. Eff ect of anakinra versus usual care in adults in hospital with COVID-19 and mild-to-moderate pneumonia (CORIMUNO-ANA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2021;9(3):295–304. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30556-7Karakike E., Dalekos G.N., Koutsodimitropoulos I., Saridaki M., Pourzitaki C., Papathanakos G., Kotsaki A., Chalvatzis S., Dimakopoulou V., Vechlidis N., Paramythiotou E., Avgoustou C., Ioakeimi dou A., Kouriannidi E., Komnos A., Neou E., Rovina N., Stefanatou E., Milionis H., Nikolaidis G., Koutsoukou A., Da moraki G., Dimopoulos G., Zoumpos V., Eugen-Olsen J., Akinosoglou K., Gatselis N.K., Koulouras V., Gkeka E., Markou N., Netea M.G., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J. ESCAPE: An Open-Label Trial of Personalized Immunotherapy in Critically lll COVID-19 Patients. J. Innate Immun. 2022;14(3):218–228. DOI: 10.1159/000519090Karakike E., Dalekos G.N., Koutsodimitropoulos I., Saridaki M., Pourzitaki C., Papathanakos G., Kotsaki A., Chalvatzis S., Dimakopoulou V., Vechlidis N., Paramythiotou E., Avgoustou C., Ioakeimi dou A., Kouriannidi E., Komnos A., Neou E., Rovina N., Stefanatou E., Milionis H., Nikolaidis G., Koutsoukou A., Da moraki G., Dimopoulos G., Zoumpos V., Eugen-Olsen J., Akinosoglou K., Gatselis N.K., Koulouras V., Gkeka E., Markou N., Netea M.G., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J. ESCAPE: An Open-Label Trial of Personalized Immunotherapy in Critically lll COVID-19 Patients. J. Innate Immun. 2022;14(3):218–228. DOI: 10.1159/000519090Henderson L.A., Canna S.W., Friedman K.G., Gorelik M., Lapidus S.K., Bassiri H., Behrens E.M., Ferris A., Kernan K.F., Schulert G.S., Seo P., Son M.B.F., Tremoulet A.H., Yeung R .S .M., Mudano A.S., Turner A.S., Karp D.R., Mehta J.J. American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Infl ammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperin- fl ammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(4):e13–e29. DOI: 10.1002/art.41616Henderson L.A., Canna S.W., Friedman K.G., Gorelik M., Lapidus S.K., Bassiri H., Behrens E.M., Ferris A., Kernan K.F., Schulert G.S., Seo P., Son M.B.F., Tremoulet A.H., Yeung R .S .M., Mudano A.S., Turner A.S., Karp D.R., Mehta J.J. American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Infl ammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperin-flammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(4):e13–e29. DOI: 10.1002/art.41616Сукмарова З.Н., Симоненко В.Б., Ибрагимова Ф.М., Демьянен- ко А.В. Экссудативный перикардит как новый специфичный симптом SARS-CoV-2: проспективное исследование «случай- контроль». Клиническая медицина. 2021;99(3):192–197.Sukmarova Z.N., Simonenko V.B., Ibragimova F.M., Demyanenko A.V. Pericardial eff usion as a new specifi с c symptom of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal). 2021;99(3):192–197. (In Russian). DOI: 10.30629/0023-2149-2021-99-3-192-197Ferreira A.C., Soares V.C., de Azevedo-Quintanilha I.G., Dias S.D.S.G., Fintelman-Rodrigues N., Sacramento C.Q., Mattos M., de Freitas C.S., Temerozo J.R., Teixeira L., Damaceno Hottz E., Barreto E.A., Pão C.R.R., Palhinha L., Miranda M., Bou-Habib D.C., Bozza F.A., Bozza P.T., Souza TML. SARS-CoV-2 engages infl ammasome and pyroptosis in human primary monocytes. Cell Death Discov. 2021;7(1):43. DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00428-wFerreira A.C., Soares V.C., de Azevedo-Quintanilha I.G., Dias S.D.S.G., Fintelman-Rodrigues N., Sacramento C.Q., Mattos M., de Freitas C.S., Temerozo J.R., Teixeira L., Damaceno Hottz E., Barreto E.A., Pão C.R.R., Palhinha L., Miranda M., Bou-Habib D.C., Bozza F.A., Bozza P.T., Souza TML. SARS-CoV-2 engages infl ammasome and pyroptosis in human primary monocytes. Cell Death Discov. 2021;7(1):43. DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00428-wKaradeniz H., Yamak B.A., Özger H.S., Sezenöz B., Tufan A., Emmi G. Anakinra for the treatment of COVID-19-associated pericarditis: a case report. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2020;34:883–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07044-3Karadeniz H., Yamak B.A., Özger H.S., Sezenöz B., Tufan A., Emmi G. Anakinra for the treatment of COVID-19-associated pericarditis: a case report. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2020;34:883–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07044-3Tschope C., Müller I., Xia Y., Savvatis K., Pappritz K., Pinkert S., Lassner D., Heimesaat M.M., Spillmann F., Miteva K., Bereswill S., Schultheiss H.P., Fechner H., Pieske B., Kühl U., Van Linthout S. NOD2 (Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2) Is a Major Pathogenic Mediator of Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis. Circ. Heart Fail. 2017;10(9):e003870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEART-FAILURE.117.003870Tschope C., Müller I., Xia Y., Savvatis K., Pappritz K., Pinkert S., Lassner D., Heimesaat M.M., Spillmann F., Miteva K., Bereswill S., Schultheiss H.P., Fechner H., Pieske B., Kühl U., Van Linthout S. NOD2 (Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2) Is a Major Pathogenic Mediator of Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis. Circ. Heart Fail. 2017;10(9):e003870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEART-FAILURE.117.003870Kraft L., Erdenesukh T., Sauter M., Tschope C., Klingel K. Blocking the IL-1β signalling pathway prevents chronic viral myocarditis and cardiac remodeling. Basic Res. Cardiol. 2019;114(2):11. DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0719-0Kraft L., Erdenesukh T., Sauter M., Tschope C., Klingel K. Blocking the IL-1β signalling pathway prevents chronic viral myocarditis and cardiac remodeling. Basic Res. Cardiol. 2019;114(2):11. DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0719-0Bonaventura A., Vecchie´ A., Mauro A.G., Brucato A.L., Imazio M., Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva Med 2020. DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04205-6Bonaventura A., Vecchie´ A., Mauro A.G., Brucato A.L., Imazio M., Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva Med 2020. DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04205-6Peiff er-Smadja N., Domont F., Saadoun D., Cacoub P. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2019;18(6):621–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.04.001Peiff er-Smadja N., Domont F., Saadoun D., Cacoub P. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2019;18(6):621–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.04.001Vianello F., Cinetto F., Cavraro M., Battisti A., Castelli M., Imbergamo S., Marcolongo R. Azathioprine in isolated recurrent pericarditis: a single centre experience. Int. J. Cardiol. 2011;147(3):477–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.027Vianello F., Cinetto F., Cavraro M., Battisti A., Castelli M., Imbergamo S., Marcolongo R. Azathioprine in isolated recurrent pericarditis: a single centre experience. Int. J. Cardiol. 2011;147(3):477–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.027Lotan D., Wasserstrum Y., Fardman A., Kogan M., Adler Y. Usefulness of Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2016;117(5):861– 866. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.012Lotan D., Wasserstrum Y., Fardman A., Kogan M., Adler Y. Usefulness of Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2016;117(5):861– 866. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.12.012Рудь Р.С., Благова О.В., Коган Е.А., Новосадов В.М., Зай- цев А.Ю., Седов В.П., Зайденов В.А., Куприянова А.Г., Ка- доч никова В.В., Донников А.Е., Недоступ А.В. Сравнительная эффективность и безопасность микофенолата мофетила и азатиоприна в комбинации с кортикостероидами в лечении лимфоцитарного миокардита. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(11):4650.Rud R.S., Blagova O.V., Kogan E.A., Novosadov V.M., Zaitsev A.Yu., Sedov V.P., Zaydenov V.A., Kupriyanova A.G., Kadochnikova V.V., Donnikov A.E., Nedostup A.V. Comparative effi cacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in combination with corticosteroids in the treatment of lymphocytic myocarditis. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(11):4650. (In Russian). DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4650Narasimhan B., Turagam M.K., Garg J., Della Rocca D.G., Gopinathannair R., Biase L.D., Romero J., Mohanty S., Natale A., Lakkireddy D. Role of immunosuppressive therapy in the management refractory postprocedural pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2021;32(8):2165–2170. DOI: 10.1111/jce.15069Narasimhan B., Turagam M.K., Garg J., Della Rocca D.G., Gopinathannair R., Biase L.D., Romero J., Mohanty S., Natale A., Lakkireddy D. Role of immunosuppressive therapy in the management refractory postprocedural pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2021;32(8):2165–2170. DOI: 10.1111/jce.15069Combe B., Didry C., Gutierrez M., Anaya J.M., Sany J. Accelerated nodulosis and systemic manifestations during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Med. 1993;2(3):153–6. PMID: 8261056Combe B., Didry C., Gutierrez M., Anaya J.M., Sany J. Accelerated nodulosis and systemic manifestations during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Med. 1993;2(3):153–6. PMID: 8261056Peiff er-Smadja N., Domont F., Saadoun D., Cacoub P. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2019;18(6):621–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.04.001Peiff er-Smadja N., Domont F., Saadoun D., Cacoub P. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2019;18(6):621–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.04.001Lazaros G., Antonopoulos A.S., Antonatou K., Skendros P., Ritis K., Hadziyannis E., Lazarou E., Leontsinis I., Simantiris S., Vlachopoulos C., Tousoulis D., Vassilopoulos D. Hydroxychloroquine for colchicine-resistant glucocorticoid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: a pilot observational prospective study. Int. J. Cardiol. 2020;311:77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.069Lazaros G., Antonopoulos A.S., Antonatou K., Skendros P., Ritis K., Hadziyannis E., Lazarou E., Leontsinis I., Simantiris S., Vlachopoulos C., Tousoulis D., Vassilopoulos D. Hydroxychloroquine for colchicine-resistant glucocorticoid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: a pilot observational prospective study. Int. J. Cardiol. 2020;311:77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.069Imazio M., Lazaros G., Picardi E., Vasileiou .P, Carraro M., Tousoulis D., Belli R., Gaita F. Intravenous human immunoglobulins for refractory recurrent pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2016;17(4):263–9. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000260Imazio M., Lazaros G., Picardi E., Vasileiou .P, Carraro M., Tousoulis D., Belli R., Gaita F. Intravenous human immunoglobulins for refractory recurrent pericarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Med. 2016;17(4):263–9. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000260Moretti M., Buiatti A., Merlo M., Massa L., Fabris E., Pinamonti B., Sinagra G. Usefulness of high-dose intravenous human immunoglobulins treatment for refractory recurrent pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013;112(9):1493–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.06.036Moretti M., Buiatti A., Merlo M., Massa L., Fabris E., Pinamonti B., Sinagra G. Usefulness of high-dose intravenous human immunoglobulins treatment for refractory recurrent pericarditis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013;112(9):1493–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.06.036

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.