<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">clinmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-2149</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-1339</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/0023-2149-2020-98-2-142-148</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">clinmed-24</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рентгеноморфологические изменения костей, образующих коленный сустав, у больных с различной этиологией укорочения и деформацией голени до и после лечения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Preoperative and postoperative radiomorphological changes in the bones forming the knee joint of patients with tibial shortening and deformities of different etiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-4680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячкова</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diachkova</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дьячкова Галина Викторовна — д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. лабораторией </p><p>640014, Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">dgv2003@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-3025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячков</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diachkov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>640014, Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>640014, Kurgan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-7083</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аранович</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aranovich</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>640014, Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>640014, Kurgan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3497-8296</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алекберов</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekberov</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баку</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Baku</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0724-1339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>640014, Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>640014, Kurgan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-6648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чистова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chistova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>640014, Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>640014, Kurgan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Российский научный центр «Восстановительная травматология и ортопедия» им. акад. Г.А. Илизарова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center «Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics» Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт травматологии и ортопедии Азербайджана</institution><country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Azerbaijan Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</institution><country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дьячкова Г.В., Дьячков К.А., Аранович А.М., Алекберов Д., Ларионова Т.А., Чистова Е.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дьячкова Г.В., Дьячков К.А., Аранович А.М., Алекберов Д., Ларионова Т.А., Чистова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Diachkova G.V., Diachkov K.A., Aranovich A.M., Alekberov D., Larionova T.A., Chistova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/24">https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/24</self-uri><abstract><p>Удлинение голени остается одной их наиболее востребованных хирургических процедур, которая в ряде случаев сопровождается осложнениями, связанными с коленным суставом, обусловленными как хирургическим вмешательством, так и исходными изменениями в костях, образующих сустав.  Цель работы: изучить изменения костей, образующих коленный сустав, у больных с различной этиологией укорочения голени до и после лечения.  Материал и методы. Рентгенография и мультисрезовая компьютерная томография (МСКТ) до и после удлинения или устранения деформации голени выполнена 48 больным ахондроплазией, 15 больным с субъективно низким ростом, 25 больным витамин D-резистентным рахитом (МРТ — 20 больным), 56 больным с болезнью Эрлахера–Блаунта (МСКТ — 10 больным). Результаты работы показали, что даже при отсутствии явных изменений в суставах, удлинение голени сопровождается различной степенью ограничения функции коленного сустава, но при соблюдении методики удлинения, наличии контроля за состоянием мышц, реабилитационных мероприятий удается получить хорошие результаты. У пациентов с исходными проблемами в суставах отмечается прогрессирование изменений в коленном суставе в процессе удлинения голени, однако они не носят критический характер и в отдаленном периоде после окончания лечения обеспечивают нормальную функцию конечности.  Заключение. Удлинение голени как сложный биомеханический и морфологический процесс сопровождается изменением коленного сустава, но при соблюдении методики и полноценных реабилитационных мероприятиях завершается положительными результатами. Наиболее выраженные изменения в коленном суставе возникали у больных с исходными нарушениями анатомии и архитектоники мыщелков бедренной и большеберцовой костей, однако улучшение биомеханических показателей конечности позволяет практически во всех случаях получать положительные результаты с хорошей функцией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Tibial lengthening is one of highly popular surgical procedures that can be associated with complications of the knee joint related to surgical intervention or baseline changes in the bones forming the knee.  Objective. To explore preoperative and postoperative changes in the bones forming the knee joint of patients with tibial shortening of different etiology.  Material and methods. Radiography and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) were performed for 48 achondroplasia patients, 15 subjects with subjectively low height, 25 patients with vitamin-D resistant rickets (MRI produced for 20 patients), 56 patients with Blount’s disease (MSCT produced for 10 cases) before and after tibial lengthening or deformity correction.  Results. The findings showed that tibial lengthening was accompanied by limited function of the knee even in absence of evident articular changes. Good results could be ensured with adequately performed lengthening technique and proper control of muscle condition and rehabilitation program to be meticulously followed. Patients with baseline problems in the joints were shown to have progressive changes in the knee joints during tibial lengthening, however, they were not critical and could provide a normal function at a long-term follow-up.  Conclusion. Tibial lengthening as a complicated biomechanical and morphological process is accompanied by changes in the knee joint and can be successfully accomplished with adequate technique applied and rehabilitation program performed. Chnages in the knee were more evident in patients with baseline disorders in the anatomy and architechtonics of the femoral and tibial condyles, however, improved biomechanical parameters of the limb allowed us to obtain positive outcomes and good function in almost all the cases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коленный сустав</kwd><kwd>укорочение и деформация голени</kwd><kwd>удлинение голени</kwd><kwd>мультисрезовая компьютерная томография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>knee joint</kwd><kwd>tibial shortening and deformity</kwd><kwd>tibial lengthening</kwd><kwd>multislice computed tomography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocaoğlu M., Bilen F.E., Dikmen G., Balci H.I., Eralp L.Simultaneous bilateral lengthening of femora and tibiae in achondroplastic patients. Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc. 2014;48(2):157–63. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2014.3274.PubMed PMID:24747623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocaoğlu M., Bilen F.E., Dikmen G., Balci H.I., Eralp L. Simultaneous bilateral lengthening of femora and tibiae in achondroplastic patients. Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc. 2014;48(2):157–63. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2014.3274. PubMed PMID:24747623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S.J., Balce G.C., Agashe M.V., Song S.H., Song H.R. Is bilateral lower limb lengthening appropriate for achondroplasia? Midterm analysis of the complications and quality of life. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2012;470(2):616–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S.J., Balce G.C., Agashe M.V., Song S.H., Song H.R. Is bilateral lower limb lengthening appropriate for achondroplasia? Midterm analysis of the complications and quality of life. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2012;470(2):616–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song S.H., Agashe M.V., Huh Y.J., Hwang S.Y., Song H.R. Physeal growth arrest after tibial lengthening in achondroplasia: 23 children followed to skeletal maturity. Acta Orthop. 2012;83:282–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song S.H., Agashe M.V., Huh Y.J., Hwang S.Y., Song H.R. Physeal growth arrest after tibial lengthening in achondroplasia: 23 children followed to skeletal maturity. Acta Orthop. 2012;83:282–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ko K.R., Shim J.S., Chung C.H., Kim J.H. Surgical Results of Limb Lengthening at the Femur, Tibia, and Humerus in Patients with Achondroplasia. Clin. Orthop. Surg. 2019;11(2):226–32. doi: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.226. Epub 2019 May 9. PubMed PMID: 31156776; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6526131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ko K.R., Shim J.S., Chung C.H., Kim J.H. Surgical results of limb lengthening at the femur, tibia, and humerus in patients with achondroplasia. Clin. Orthop. Surg. 2019;11(2):226–32. doi: 10.4055/ cios.2019.11.2.226. Epub 2019 May 9. PubMed PMID: 31156776; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6526131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ступина Т.А., Щудло Н.А., Петровская Н.В., Степанов М.А. Гистоморфометрический анализ суставного хряща и синовиальной оболочки коленного сустава при метадиафизарном удлинении голени (экспериментально-морфологическое исследование). Травматология и ортопедия России. 2013;1;80–6. https:// doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2013-1-80-86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupina Т.А., Schudlo N.А., Petrovskaya N.V., Stepanov М.А. Histomorphometric analysis of articular cartilage and synovium of the knee joint in metadiaphyseal tibial lengthening (experimental an morphological study). Travmatologiya I Ortopediya Rossii. 2013;1;80–6. https://doi.org/10.21823/2311-2905-2013-1-80-86 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ступина Т.А. Оценка регенераторных возможностей суставного хряща при удлинении конечности в условиях стимуляции остеогенеза (экспериментально-морфологическое исследование). Acta Biomedica Scientifica. Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской Академии медицинских наук. 2011;4(80), ч. 1;284–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupina Т.А. Evaluation of regenerative capabilities of articular cartilage in limb lengthening and stimulation of osteogenesis (experimental an morphological study) Acta Biomedica Scientifica, Byulleten Vostochno-Sibirskogo hauchnogo tsentra Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy Akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2011; 4 (80). V. 1:284–7. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchudlo N., Varsegova T., Stupina T., Shchudlo M., Saifutdinov M., Yemanov A. Benefits of Ilizarov automated bone distraction for nerves and articularcartilage in experimental leg lengthening. World J. Orthop. 2017;8(9):688–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchudlo N., Varsegova T., Stupina T., Shchudlo M., Saifutdinov M., Yemanov A. Benefits of Ilizarov automated bone distraction for nerves and articularcartilage in experimental leg lengthening. World J. Orthop. 2017;8(9):688–96. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun X.T., Easwar T.R., Manesh S., Ryu J.H., Song S.H., Kim S.J., Song H.R. Complications and outcome of tibial lengthening using the Ilizarov method with or without asupplementary intramedullary nail: a case-matched comparative study. J. Bone Joint. Surg. Br. 2011;93(6):782–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun X.T., Easwar T.R., Manesh S., Ryu J.H., Song S.H., Kim S.J., Song H.R. Complications and outcome of tibial lengthening using the Ilizarov method with or without asupplementary intramedullary nail: a case-matched comparative study. J. Bone Joint. Surg. Br. 2011;93(6):782–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steiger C.N., Lenze U., Krieg A.H. A new technique for correction of leg length discrepancies in combination with complex axis deformities of the lower limb using a lengthening nail and a locking plate. J. Child. Orthop. 2018;12(5):515–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steiger C.N., Lenze U., Krieg A.H. A new technique for correction of leg length discrepancies in combination with complex axis deformities of the lower limb using a lengthening nail and a locking plate. J. Child Orthop. 2018;12(5):515–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu W.G. Comparison of Intramedullary Nail Versus Conventional Ilizarov Method for Lower Limb Lengthening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Orthop. Surg. 2017;9(2):159–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu W.G. Comparison of Intramedullary Nail Versus Conventional Ilizarov Method for Lower Limb Lengthening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Orthop. Surg. 2017;9(2):159–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venkatesh K.P., Modi H.N., Devmurari K., Yoon J.Y., Anupama B.R., Song H.R. Femoral lengthening in achondroplasia: magnitude of lengthening in relation to patterns of callus, stiffness of adjacent joints and fracture. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 2009;91(12):1612–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venkatesh K.P., Modi H.N., Devmurari K., Yoon J.Y., Anupama B.R., Song H.R. Femoral lengthening in achondroplasia: magnitude of lengthening in relation to patterns of callus, stiffness of adjacent joints and fracture. J. Bone Joint. Surg. Br. 2009;91(12):1612–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков К.И., Колесникова Э.С., Мурадисинов С.О., Дьячкова Г.В., Новикова О.С., Дьячков К.А. Удлинение голени в проксимальной трети методом чрескостного остеосинтеза по Илизарову. Гений ортопедии. 2014;3:19–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov К.I., Kolesnikova E.S., Muradisinov S.O., Diachkova G.V., Novikova О.S., Diachkov К.А. Tibial lengthening in the proximal third using Ilizarov transosseous osteosynthesis method. Geniy Ortopedii. 2014;3:19–23. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinker K.A. CORR Insights®: cosmetic lower limb lengthening by Ilizarov apparatus: what are the risks? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2014;472(11):3557–8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3942-x. Epub 2014 Sep 16. PubMed PMID: 25224823; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC4182416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinker K.A. CORR Insights®: cosmetic lower limb lengthening by Ilizarov apparatus: what are the risks? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2014;472(11):3557–8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3942-x. Epub 2014 Sep 16. PubMed PMID: 25224823; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC4182416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайдышев И.П. Программа анализа данных AtteStat (64-разрядная ОС). URL: http://attestatsoft.narod.ru (дата обращения : 29.09.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaidyshev I.P. AtteStat data analysis programme (64-bit OS). URL: http://attestatsoft.narod.ru (date of application: 29.09.2019). (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kadono I., Kitoh H., Mishima K., Matsushita M., Sato K., Kako M., Ishiguro N. Changes in the range of motion of the lower limb joints during extensive tibial lengthening in achondroplasia. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B. 2019;27(6):535--40. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadono I., Kitoh H., Mishima K., Matsushita M., Sato K., Kako M., Ishiguro N. Changes in the range of motion of the lower limb joints during extensive tibial lengthening in achondroplasia. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B. 2019;27(6):535–40. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринберг Е.Б., Удочкина Л.А. Форма и размеры мыщелков бедренной и большеберцовой костей по данным анатомических и ультразвуковых исследований. Астраханский медицинский журнал. 2011;4 (1);43–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinberg Е.B., Udichkina L.А. Shape and dimensions of the tibial and femoral condyles according to anatomical and ultrasonographic measurements. Astrakhansky meditsinsky zhurnal. 2011;4(1):43–9. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дворяковский И.В., Астафьева А.Р., Гурьева М.Б. и др. Ультразвуковая анатомия здорового ребенка. Практическое руководство. М.: СТРОМ, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvoryakovsky I.V., Astafieva M.B., Gurieva M.B. Ultrasound anatomy of the healthy child. Manual. М.: STROM, 2009. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai G., Yang L., Saleh M., Coulton L. The effect of tibial lengthening on immature articular cartilage of the ankle joint. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B. 2010;19(5):441–5. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0b013e328339ce52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai G., Yang L., Saleh M., Coulton L. The effect of tibial lengthening on immature articular cartilage of the ankle joint. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B. 2010;19(5):441–5. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0b013e328339ce52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chilbule S.K., Dutt V., Madhuri V. Limb lengthening in achondroplasia. Indian J. Orthop. 2016;50(4):397–405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chilbule S.K., Dutt V., Madhuri V. Limb lengthening in achondroplasia. Indian J. Orthop. 2016;50(4):397–405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков А.В., Аранович А.М., Новиков К.И., Мингазов Э.Р., Попков Д.А. Удлинение голени у детей комбинированной методикой с применением высокодробной круглосуточной дистракции. Гений ортопедии. 2016;1;51–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov А.V., Aranovich А.М., Novikov К.I., Mingazov E.R., Popkov D.А. Pediatric tibial lengthening using combined technique and high increment 24-hour distraction. Geniy Ortopedii. 2016;1:51–6. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климов О.В., Аранович А.М. Повторное удлинение голени как этап реконструкции ОДС пациентов с ахондроплазией. Гений ортопедии. 2017;23(4):401–4. DOI 10.18019/1028-4427-2017-23-4-401-404</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimov О.V., Aranovich А.М. Repeated tibial lengthening as a stage of reconstruction of MSS in achondroplasia patients. Geniy Ortopedii. 2017;23 (4):401–4. DOI 10.18019/1028-4427-2017-23-4-401-404 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park K.W., Garcia R.A., Rejuso C.A., Choi J.W., Song H.R. Limb Lengthening in Patients with Achondroplasia. Yonsei Med J. 2015;56(6):1656–62. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1656. PubMed PMID: 26446651; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC4630057.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park K.W., Garcia R.A., Rejuso C.A., Choi J.W., Song H.R. Limb lengthening in patients with achondroplasia. Yonsei Med. J. 2015;56(6):1656--62. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1656. PubMed PMID: 26446651; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC4630057.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
