<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">clinmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-2149</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-1339</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Медицинское информационное агентство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/0023-2149-2025-103-3-181-186</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">clinmed-1092</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биологические основы депрессии и новые антидепрессанты: механизмы возникновения и современные методы лечения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological foundations of depression and new antidepressants: the mechanisms of onset and modern treatment methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4273-4754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнилова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornilova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корнилова Елизавета Артуровна — студент</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta A. Kornilova — student</p><p>Barnaul</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kornilova_liz@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5844-347X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холостов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholostov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Холостов Дмитрий Владимирович — студент</p><p>Барнаул</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Kholostov — student</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8530-423X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Секисов</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sekisov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Секисов Илья Андреевич — студент</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya A. Sekisov — student</p><p>Barnaul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3546-8255</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вознесенская</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voznesenskay</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вознесенская Софья Алексеевна — студент</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofi a A. Voznesenskaya — student</p><p>Barnaul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4273-4754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мушкаров</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mushkarov</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мушкаров Даниил Русланович — студент</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil R. Mushkarov — student</p><p>Barnaul</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Алтайский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Altai State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Корнилова Е.А., Холостов Д.В., Секисов И.А., Вознесенская С.А., Мушкаров Д.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корнилова Е.А., Холостов Д.В., Секисов И.А., Вознесенская С.А., Мушкаров Д.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kornilova E.A., Kholostov D.V., Sekisov I.A., Voznesenskay S.A., Mushkarov D.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/1092">https://www.clinmedjournal.com/jour/article/view/1092</self-uri><abstract><p>Депрессия является значительной медицинской проблемой, влияющей на качество жизни и общественную продуктивность. Исследование биологических основ депрессии необходимо для разработки эффективных методов лечения. Цель работы: анализ биологических механизмов депрессии и современных методов лечения, включая применение новых антидепрессантов. Материал и методы. Обзор научной литературы по генетическим, нейрохимическим и нейроанатомическим аспектам депрессии. Оценка эффективности различных антидепрессантов и психотерапевтических методов. Результаты. Определены ключевые биологические факторы, влияющие на развитие депрессии, включая дисбаланс моноаминов, нейроэндокринные и иммунологические изменения. Рассмотрены современные антидепрессанты, такие как SSRIs, SNRIs и новые препараты, включая кетамин и его производные. Выявлены преимущества и недостатки различных методов лечения. Заключение. Эффективное лечение депрессии требует индивидуализированного подхода, включающего комбинацию медикаментозной терапии и психотерапии. Новые антидепрессанты и мультимодальные подходы представляют перспективные направления для будущих исследований и клинической практики</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Depression is a significant medical problem that affects quality of life and social productivity. Investigating the biological basis of depression is essential for developing effective treatment methods. The aim of this work is to analyze the biological mechanisms of depression and modern treatment methods, including the use of new antidepressants. Material and methods. A review of scientific literature on the genetic, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical aspects of depression. An assessment of the effectiveness of various antidepressants and psychotherapeutic methods. Results. Key biological factors infl uencing the development of depression were identified, including monoamine imbalance, neuroendocrine, and immunological changes. Modern antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and new drugs including ketamine and its derivatives were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various treatment methods were highlighted. Conclusion. Effective treatment of depression requires an individualized approach that includes a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. New antidepressants and multimodal approaches represent promising directions for future research and clinical practice</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>биологические основы</kwd><kwd>нейрохимия</kwd><kwd>нейроанатомия</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>антидепрессанты</kwd><kwd>SSRI</kwd><kwd>SNRI</kwd><kwd>кетамин</kwd><kwd>мультимодальные антидепрессанты</kwd><kwd>когнитивно-поведенческая терапия</kwd><kwd>межличностная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>biological basis</kwd><kwd>neurochemistry</kwd><kwd>neuroanatomy</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>antidepressants</kwd><kwd>SSRI</kwd><kwd>SNRI</kwd><kwd>ketamine</kwd><kwd>multimodal antidepressants</kwd><kwd>cognitive-behavioral therapy</kwd><kwd>interpersonal therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А., Голенков А.В., Орлов Ф.В. Эпигенетика, генетика и биохимия суицида. Суицидология. 2023;14(3(52)):27–50. DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.23-14-03(52)-27-50</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov V.A, Golenkov A.V, Orlov F.V. Epigenetics, genetics and biochemistry of suicide. Suicidology. 2023;14(3(52)):27–50. (In Russian). DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.23-14-03(52)-27-50</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Канова Т. Н., Волобуева Н. М. Депрессия и ее психосоматические проявления. Universum: психология и образование. 2022;10(100). [ URL: https://7universum.com/ru/psy/archive/item/14361 (accessed: 16.06.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanova T.N., Volobueva N.M. Depression and its psychosomatic manifestations. Universum: psychology and education. 2022;10(100). (In Russian). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/psy/archive/item/14361 (accessed: 16.06.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касьянов Е.Д., Рукавишников Г.В., Розанов В.А., Мазо Г.Э. Повышают ли антидепрессанты риск суицида? Суицидология. 2019;10(4(37)):85–98. [</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasyanov E.D., Rukavishnikov G.V., Rozanov V.A., Mazo G.E. Do antidepressants increase the risk of suicide? Suicidology. 2019;10(4(37)):85–98. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Земсков А.М., Бакулева Н.И., Ширяев О.Ю., Костенко С.М., Пелешенко Е.И., Земскова В.А., Ливенцева Д.В. Современные представления о нейрохимических, иммунологических и генетических аспектах тревоги и депрессии (обзор литературы). Наука молодых – Eruditio Juvenium. 2023;11(4):581–593. DOI: 10.23888/HMJ2023114581-593</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemskov A.M., Bakuleva N.I., Shiryaev O.Yu., Kostenko S.M., Peleshenko E.I., Zemskova V.A., Liventseva D.V. Modern ideas about neurochemical, immunological and genetic aspects of anxiety and depression (literature review). Science of the Young – Eruditio Juvenium. 2023;11(4):581–593. (In Russian). DOI: 10.23888/HMJ2023114581-593</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А., Голенков А.В. Биология суицидальности. близнецы и суициды. Суицидология. 2023;14(4(53)):3–38. DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.23-14-04(53)-3-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov V.A., Golenkov A.V. Biology of suicidality. twins and suicide. Suicidology. 2023;14(4(53)):3–38. (In Russian). DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.23-14-04(53)-3-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каркусова М.Д. Биологические эффекты серотонина (обзорная статья). Вестник новых медицинских технологий. Электронное издание. 2022;6. URL: http://www.medtsu.tula.ru/VNMT/Bulletin/E2022-6/3-12.pdf (дата обращения: 22.06.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karkusova M.D. Biological eff ects of serotonin (review article). Bulletin of new medical technologies. Electronic edition. 2022;6. (In Russian). URL: http://www.medtsu.tula.ru/VNMT/Bulletin/E2022-6/3-12.pdf (access date: 06/22/2024). DOI: 10.24412/2075-4094-2022-6-3-12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А., Голенков А.В., Сапожников С.П. Роль генома в суицидальном поведении (обзор литературы). Суицидология. 2021;12(1(42)):3–22. DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.21-12-01(42)-3-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov V.A., Golenkov A.V., Sapozhnikov S.P. The role of the genome in suicidal behavior (literature review). Suicidology. 2021;12(1(42)):3–22. (In Russian). DOI: 10.32878/suiciderus.21-12-01(42)-3-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кинкулькина М.А., Тихонова Ю.Г., Лазарева А.В., Сысоева В.П. Клинико-психопатологические особенности депрессий при органических заболеваниях головного мозга в позднем возрасте. Доктор.Ру. 2021;20(9):54–59. DOI: 10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-9-54-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinkulkina M.A., Tikhonova Yu.G., Lazareva A.V., Sysoeva V.P. Clinical and psychopathological features of depression in organic diseases of the brain in late age. Doctor.Ru. 2021;20(9):54–59. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-9-54-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Логинов И.П., Савин С.З., Солодкая Е.В. Нейробиологические аспекты исследований расстройств депрессивного спектра (аналитический обзор). Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. 2021;4:84–92. DOI: 10.35177/1994-S191-2021-4-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loginov I.P., Savin S.Z., Solodkaya E.V. Neurobiological aspects of studies of depressive spectrum disorders (analytical review). Far Eastern Medical Journal. 2021;4:84–92. (In Russian). DOI: 10.35177/1994-S191-2021-4-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романов Д.В., Петелин Д.С., Волель Б.А. Депрессии в неврологической практике. МС. 2018;1:38–45. DOI: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-1-38-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanov D.V., Petelin D.S., Volel B.A. Depression in neurological practice. MS. 2018;1:38–45. (In Russian). DOI: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-1-38-45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fanelli G., Serretti A. The infl uence of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on suicidal behaviors: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;88:375–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fanelli G., Serretti A. The infl uence of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on suicidal behaviors: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;88:375–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yohn C.N., Gergues M.M., Samuels B.A. The role of 5-HT receptors in depression. Mol Brain. 2017;10(1):28. DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0306-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yohn C.N., Gergues M.M., Samuels B.A. The role of 5-HT receptors in depression. Mol Brain. 2017;10(1):28. DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0306-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erritzoe D., Godlewska B.R., Rizzo G., Searle G.E., Agnorelli C., Lewis Y. et al. Brain serotonin release is reduced in patients with depression: a [11C] Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography study with a d-amphetamine challenge. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;93(12):1089– 1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erritzoe D., Godlewska B.R., Rizzo G., Searle G.E., Agnorelli C., Lewis Y. et al. Brain serotonin release is reduced in patients with depression: a 11C Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography study with a d-amphetamine challenge. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;93(12):1089– 1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khoodoruth M.A.S., Estudillo-Guerra M.A., Pacheco-Barrios K., Nyundo A., Chapa-Koloff on G., Ouanes S. Glutamatergic System in Depression and Its Role in Neuromodulatory Techniques Optimization. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:886918. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886918</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khoodoruth M.A.S., Estudillo-Guerra M.A., Pacheco-Barrios K., Nyundo A., Chapa-Koloff on G., Ouanes S. Glutamatergic System in Depression and Its Role in Neuromodulatory Techniques Optimization. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:886918. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886918</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duman R.S., Sanacora G., Krystal J.H. Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter defi cits and reversal by novel treatments. Neuron. 2019;102(1):75–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duman R.S., Sanacora G., Krystal J.H. Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter defi cits and reversal by novel treatments. Neuron. 2019;102(1):75–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui W., Ning Y., Hong W., Wang J., Liu Z., Li M.D. Crosstalk between infl ammation and glutamate system in depression: signaling pathway and molecular biomarkers for ketamine’s antidepressant eff ect. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56(5):3484–3500. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1306-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui W., Ning Y., Hong W., Wang J., Liu Z., Li M.D. Crosstalk between infl ammation and glutamate system in depression: signaling pathway and molecular biomarkers for ketamine’s antidepressant eff ect. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56(5):3484–3500. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1306-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dantzer R. Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa. Physiol Rev. 2018;98(1):477–504. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dantzer R. Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa. Physiol Rev. 2018;98(1):477–504. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sørensen N.V, Benros M.E. The immune system and depression: from epidemiological to clinical evidence. curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2023;61:15–34. DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sørensen N.V, Benros M.E. The immune system and depression: from epidemiological to clinical evidence. curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2023;61:15–34. DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leistner C., Menke A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress. Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;175:55-64. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00004-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leistner C., Menke A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress. Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;175:55-64. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64123-6.00004-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakatsoulis G.N., Tsapakis E.M., Mitkani C., Fountoulakis K.N. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and major depressive disorder. Hormones (Athens). 2021;20(4):613–621. DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00312-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakatsoulis G.N., Tsapakis E.M., Mitkani C., Fountoulakis K.N. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and major depressive disorder. Hormones (Athens). 2021;20(4):613–621. DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00312-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park C., Rosenblat J.D., Brietzke E., Pan Z., Lee Y., Cao B., Zuckerman H., Kalantarova A., McIntyre RS. Stress, epigenetics and depression: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:139–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park C., Rosenblat J.D., Brietzke E., Pan Z., Lee Y., Cao B., Zuckerman H., Kalantarova A., McIntyre RS. Stress, epigenetics and depression: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:139–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drugs for Depression. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2020;62(1592):25–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drugs for Depression. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2020;62(1592):25–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jelen L.A., Stone J.M. Ketamine for depression. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021;33(3):207–228. DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1854194</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jelen L.A., Stone J.M. Ketamine for depression. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021;33(3):207–228. DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2020.1854194</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swainson J., Thomas R.K., Archer S., Chrenek C., MacKay M.A., Baker G. et al. Esketamine for treatment resistant depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019;19(10):899–911. DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1640604</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swainson J., Thomas R.K., Archer S., Chrenek C., MacKay M.A., Baker G. et al. Esketamine for treatment resistant depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019;19(10):899–911. DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1640604</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long J.D. Vortioxetine for depression in adults. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2019;40(9):819–820. DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1604920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long J.D. Vortioxetine for depression in adults. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2019;40(9):819–820. DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1604920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauhan M., Parry R., Bobo W.V. Vilazodone for major depression in adults: pharmacological profi le and an updated review for clinical practice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:1175–1193. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S279342</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauhan M., Parry R., Bobo W.V. Vilazodone for major depression</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zrenner B., Zrenner C., Gordon PC., Belardinelli P., McDermott E.J., Soekadar S.R., Fallgatter A.J., Ziemann U., Müller-Dahlhaus F. Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(1):197–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">in adults: pharmacological profi le and an updated review for clinical practice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:1175–1193. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S279342</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hazell P. Updates in treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):593–599. DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zrenner B., Zrenner C., Gordon PC., Belardinelli P., McDermott E.J., Soekadar S.R., Fallgatter A.J., Ziemann U., Müller-Dahlhaus F. Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(1):197–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jach M.E., Serefko A., Szopa A., Sajnaga E., Golczyk H., Santos L.S., Borowicz-Reutt K, Sieniawska E. The role of probiotics and their metabolites in the treatment of depression. Molecules. 2023;28(7):3213. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hazell P. Updates in treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):593–599. DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogan T., Wilkinson S.T. The role of psychotherapy in the management of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2023;46(2):349–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jach M.E., Serefko A., Szopa A., Sajnaga E., Golczyk H., Santos L.S., Borowicz-Reutt K, Sieniawska E. The role of probiotics and their metabolites in the treatment of depression. Molecules. 2023;28(7):3213. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogan T., Wilkinson S.T. The role of psychotherapy in the management of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2023;46(2):349–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogan T., Wilkinson S.T. The role of psychotherapy in the management of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2023;46(2):349–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
